Natural Liquid Fuels
PETROLUEM Latin petra 'rock' and oleum 'oil'
Pulmano, Rhyan Mark
Alisbo, Edlyn Ria
Natural Liquid Fuels
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Latin petra 'rock' and oleum 'oil'
Note: The terms petroleum, oil, and crude
oil are used interchangeable throughout the
presentation.
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Latin petra 'rock' and oleum 'oil'
a naturally occurring liquid found beneath
the earth’s surface that can be refined into
fuel.
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a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s
surface that can be refined into fuel.
a fossil fuel which is formed when large
quantities of dead organisms–primarily
zooplankton and algae–underneath
sedimentary rock are subjected to intense
heat and pressure.
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a fossil fuel which is formed when large quantities of
dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–
underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat
and pressure.
The term is often restricted to the liquid
form, commonly called crude oil
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The term is often restricted to the liquid form, commonly
called crude oil
a collective term comprising gaseous
(natural gas), liquid (crude oil), and solid
(asphalt) components
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1. A 42-gallon barrel of crude oil actually yields around 45
gallons of petroleum product.
2. Almost 2000 years ago, both Arabs and Persians developed
methods for distilling crude oil into a flammable product that
had various military uses
3. The first use of the word “petroleum” was by a German
mineralogist in 1556.
4. Many environmentalists believe that in order to avoid severe
global warming, 75 to 80% of the world’s current oil reserves
must remain unused.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Density, Color, Viscosity, Volatility, Toxicity
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Crude Oil extracted from the ground in
its natural unrefined state varies
considerably in its density and
consistency, from a very thin and
volatile liquid to an extremely thick,
semi-solid heavy weight oil.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
The COLOR of Crude Oil extracted from
the ground can range substantially, from a
light golden yellow to a deep dark black.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
The DENSITY of crude oils is usually expressed
as API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity,
which is inversely related to specific density.
The API degrees indicate whether a crude oil
floats on water or sinks.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Classification according to the API degree (cont.):
1. Light crude oil: API gravity higher than 31.1 °API
(less than 870 kg/m³)
2. Medium crude oil: API gravity from 31.1 °API to
22.3 °API (870 to 920 kg/m³)
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Classification according to the API degree:
3. Heavy crude oil: API gravity from 22.3 °API to 10
°API (920 to 1000 kg/m³)
4. Extra-heavy crude oil: API gravity below 10 °API
(higher than 1000 kg/m³)
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
NOTE: Light crude oils flow easily and contain
more volatile components, while extra-heavy
crude oils are highly viscous to nearly tar-like and
show a higher density. Intermediate oils are
between these extremes.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
VISCOSITY refers to the oils ability to flow.
Higher viscosity oils do not flow as easily and
therefore take more energy and effort to pump
from the ground.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
VOLATILITY describes how quickly and easily
the oil evaporates into the air.
Higher volatility oils need additional processes
to control their environments during extraction to
ensure that as little oil as possible is lost.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
TOXICITY refers to how poisonous and harmful
the oil is to the environment, wildlife, and
humans during the extraction and refinement
process. When oil spills do occasionally occur,
each oil poses different challenges and priorities
during the cleanup.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Classification according to the Viscosity, Volatility, and
Toxicity
1. Very light oils – these include: Jet Fuel, Gasoline, Kerosene,
Petroleum Ether, Petroleum Spirit, and Petroleum Naphtha. They
tend to be very volatile, evaporating within a few days which in
turn evaporates their toxicity levels.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Classification according to the Viscosity, Volatility, and
Toxicity
2. Light oils – These include Grade 1 and Grade 2 Fuel Oils, Diesel
Fuel Oils as well as Most Domestic Fuel Oils. They are both
moderately volatile and toxic.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Classification according to the Viscosity, Volatility, and
Toxicity
3. Medium oils – These are the most common types of Crude Oil.
They generally have low volatility and a higher viscosity than the
light oils which leads to higher toxicity and a greater environmental
impact during cleanups.
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PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Classification according to the Viscosity, Volatility, and
Toxicity
Heavy fuel oils – These include the heaviest Grade 3,4,5 and 6 Fuel
Oils along with Heavy Marine Fuels. These are the most viscous
and least volatile Crude Oils as well as the most toxic
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Petroleum is composed primarily of
HYDROCARBONS, although hydrocarbon
derivatives containing oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur
are also present. Additionally, some metals are
present at trace levels.
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Basic elemental
composition of crude
oil, which typically
exhibits little variation
from source to source.
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Different sources of petroleum exhibit
different compositions, however the major
hydrocarbon classes (alkanes [paraffins],
cycloalkanes [naphthenes], and aromatics)
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
ALKANES are major constituents of
conventional petroleum but are less likely
to occur on heavy oil, extra heavy oil, and
tar sand bitumen.
Tar sand bitumen- a type of unconventional petroleum
deposit (Solid or highly viscous liquid)
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
The CYCLOALKANE are cyclic
hydrocarbons, meaning that the carbons of
the molecule are arranged in the form of a
ring, composition in crude oil worldwide
typically varies from 30% to 60%
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
AROMATICS are a base component of
gasoline derived from crude oil.
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
SULFUR CONTENT
Sulfur is an element commonly found in
crude oil and petroleum products. Sulfur is
considered an undesirable contaminant
because, when burned, it generates sulfur
oxides.
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Classification according to Sulfur Content:
SWEET - contains less than 1% of sulfur
SOUR - contains greater than 1% of sulfur
*may vary from other sources
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CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Petroleum is considered HIGHLY
FLAMMABLE due to its low flash point.
Flash Point- the lowest temperature at which a liquid will
form a vapor in the air near its surface that will “flash,” or
briefly ignite, on exposure to an open flame
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NOTE: The higher the sulfur content and
the heavier the density, the lower quality
the crude oil. A lighter density oil with
low sulfur content (like West Texas
Intermediate (WTI) from Texas) is the
highest quality
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POWERPLANT
APPLICATIONS
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POWERPLANT APPLICATIONS
STEAM
POWERPLANTS/
OIL-FIRED PLANTS/
THERMAL POWERPLANTS
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POWERPLANT APPLICATIONS
STEAM
POWERPLANTS
Oil was the primary fuel source of
older steam generating plants. These
plants were designed to burn heavier
grades of oil rather than lighter weight
heating oils, although they can use
either type.
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POWERPLANT APPLICATIONS
STEAM
POWERPLANTS
Oil-fired steam generating plants are
relatively simple. Oil is stored in large
storage tanks and pumped through
delivery lines into the boiler.
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POWERPLANT APPLICATIONS
Use of Petroleum in powerplants produces less
CO2 emissions than coal during production
however, petroleum-fired power plants operate
mostly at low capacity factors because of the
high price of petroleum relative to other fuels,
air pollution restrictions, and lower efficiencies
of their aging generating technology.
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POWERPLANT APPLICATIONS
Use of Petroleum in powerplants produces less
CO2 emissions than coal during production
however, petroleum-fired power plants operate
mostly at low capacity factors because of the
high price of petroleum relative to other fuels,
air pollution restrictions, and lower efficiencies
of their aging generating technology.
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POWERPLANT APPLICATIONS
Technologies that are used in converting oil into
electricity
1. CONVENTIONAL STEAM - Oil is burned
to heat water to create steam to generate
electricity.
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POWERPLANT APPLICATIONS
Technologies that are used in converting oil into
electricity
2. COMBUSTION TURBINE - Oil is burned
under pressure to produce hot exhaust gases
which spin a turbine to generate electricity.
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POWERPLANT APPLICATIONS
Technologies that are used in converting oil into
electricity
3. COMBINED-CYCLE TECHNOLOGY - Oil
is first combusted in a combustion turbine,
using the heated exhaust gases to generate
electricity. After these exhaust gases are
recovered, they heat water in a boiler, creating
steam to drive a second turbine.
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• https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/petroleum.asp
• https://www.britannica.com/science/petroleum
• https://www.factretriever.com/petroleum-facts
• https://tos.org/oceanography/article/what-was-released-assessing-the-physical-properties-and-chemical-composition-of-petroleum-and-products-of-burned-oil
• https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/ArtemGindin.shtml
• https://wiki.anton-paar.com/ca-en/crude-oil/
• https://www.plainsmanmfg.com/blog/four-main-types-crude-oil/
• https://www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com/resources/refinery-reference-desk/sulfur-content/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126639711500117
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/alkanes
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531269/
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/SCC%3A_Chem_420_-_Organic_Chemistry_I/Text/03%3A_Functional_Groups_and_Nomenclatur
e/3.04%3A_Cycloalkanes
• https://morningconsult.com/2015/04/22/growing-chorus-of-complaints-on-chemicals-in-gasoline/
• https://kimray.com/training/types-crude-oil-heavy-vs-light-sweet-vs-sour-and-tan-count
• https://fireproofdepot.com/is-petroleum-flammable/#Is_crude_petroleum_more_flammable_or_purified_petroleum
• https://c03.apogee.net/mvc/home/hes/land/el?utilityname=citizenselectric&spc=foe&id=4539
• https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=31232
• http://www.powerscorecard.org/tech_detail.cfm?resource_id=8
• https://kendrickoil.com/why-are-some-crude-oils-better-than-others/
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FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION
Fractional distillation is the
separation of a mixture into
its component parts, or
fractions. Chemical
compounds are separated by
heating them to a temperature
at which one or more fractions
of the mixture will vaporize. It
uses distillation to fractionate.
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