Oil Introduction

by

Ir. Refnal Marzuki

 Introduction
Basic Lubrication
 Key Lubricant Functions
· Separate moving surfaces
· Cooling
· Sealing
· Wear protection
· Rust, corrosion and foam inhibition
· Dispersancy
· Detergency
 Lubricant Basestocks
BASESTOCK ADDITIVE
SELECTION SELECTION

FINISHED LUBRICANT
 Base Oil Selection
• Group I
• solvent extracted, solvent dewaxed
• Group II
• hydro-dewaxed mineral oils (molecular stability)
• Group III
• fully hydro processed mineral oils - performance approaching
fully synthetic
• Group IV
• Polyalphaolefin synthetic (synthetic hydrocarbon)
• Group V
• other synthetics/chemicals
 Lubricant Additives
• Chemical Compounds Which are Added to Lube Oil Stocks to
Improve Their Performance Properties
• Supplement or Reinforce Well-refined, High-quality Basestocks
• Perform Two Critical Functions:
– Maximize Beneficial Properties
– Minimize Destructive Processes
• Oxidation
• Wear
• Rust/Corrosion
• Shear
• “Combustion”
 Additive Types
 Dispersants
 Detergents
 Anti-Wear Agents
 Friction Modifiers
 Oxidation Inhibitors
 Rust Inhibitors
 Viscosity Index Improvers
 Pour Point Depressants
 Foam Inhibitors
 Key Lubricant Properties
 Viscosity
 Pour Point
 Flash Point
 Volatility
 Viscosity
• Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow
• Changes with
– Temperature – higher temperature, lower viscosity
– Pressure – higher pressure, higher viscosity
– Shear Rate – higher the shear rate, lower viscosity

• Viscosity Index
– Effect of change of temperature on the viscosity of
an oil
 Mono-grade Vs. Multi-grade
• Mono-Grades
– Meets the requirements of one SAE viscosity grade
– e.g. SAE 15W (Winter Grade) or SAE 40 (Summer Grade)
– Low temperature viscosity critical for winter grades, high temperature
viscosity critical for summer grades

• Multi-Grades
– Meets the requirements of more than one SAE viscosity grade (Both
winter & summer grades)
– Combine ‘summer’ and ‘winter’ SAE grades in one oil
• e.g. SAE 15W-40 has the low temp. properties of SAE 15W & the high
temp. properties of SAE 40
– Higher VI than Mono-Grades
 Understanding Multigrades
SAE
Adequate When cold this oil may
15W/40
Circulation be too thick to provide
& Starting 20W easy starting and rapid
15W circulation.
Adequate
10W Lubrication
SAE 40
5W

50
Increasing
Viscosity

SAE 15W 40
When hot this oil may 30
be too thin to provide
adequate lubrication. 20

-15C Increasing Temperature 100C

Winter Summer
 Comparative Viscosity Classes
850 42
775 40
700 680 38
625 36
550 34
500 140 150 Brt
32
450 460 30
400 28

mm 2 / s a t 100 C
mm 2 / s a t 40 C

365 60 26
315 320
24
280 22
240 90 50 20
220
205 18
175 40 16
150
140 650N
14
85W 30
115 100 500N 12
85 80W 10
68 20 300N
60 8
46
75W 200 N

40 32
22
10W 6
5W
20 15
100 N
4
10
10 2
ISO SAE SAE Com mon
VG Ge a r Visc osity Ba se Oil
Gra d e Visc osity Gra d e Nome nc la ture
Gra d e
 Lubricant Type
Powershift Final Drive Cat Metal
Engine Oils Transmission Axle Hydraulic Gear Oils Turbine Working
Fluids Oils Oils Oils Fluids
Additive Type

Metallic Detergents * *
Ashless Dispersants * * *
Anti-oxidants * * * * * * *
Anti-wear Agents * * * * *
Rust Inhibitors * * * *
Corrosion Inhibitors * * * *
Friction Modifiers * * *
Ext. Pressure Agents * * *
Anti-foam Agents * * * * * * *
Viscosity Improvers * *
Pour Point Depressants * * *
Seal Swell Control *