Presentation on Diesel Engine Process
Diesel Engine Process
ZA40S
1
Combustion Process
ZA40S
2
Triangle of Fire
Oxygene Compression
ZA40S
POWER
3
Diesel Engine
Chemically bound energy into mechanical energy
Combustion in the cylinder
Fuel ignites from heat of air compression
Force from the piston applied at the crank radius
Work is a force applied for a distance
Power is work performed per unit of time
ZA40S
4
Energy Losses
Charge Exhaust Jacket Lube oil
air cooler gases cooler cooler
El. power
4db30.cgm
Fuel
ZA40S
5
Energy Comparison
Heavy fuel
Nominal viscosity 380 cSt/50oC
Density (15oC) 0,98 kg/dm3
Density at 135oC 0,91 kg/dm3
Heat value 40400 kJ/kg
Marine Diesel Fuel
Density (15oC) 0,84 kg/dm3
Density at 45oC 0,82 kg/dm3
Heat value 42500 kJ/kg
Heat Value per Volume
For HF 0,91 x 40400 36764 kJ/dm3
For MDH 0,82 x 42500 34850 kJ/dm3
Difference 1914 kJ/dm3
or 5,5% more in HF
ZA40S
6
Different Ways of Construction
Trunk Piston
Cross
Head
In-Line
Vee Type
ZA40S
7
Typical Cylinder Pressure and Temperature Curbs
ZA40S
8
DESIGN ASPECTS
Mean Effective Pressure
MEP is the value referring to the
constant pressure which would
have to exist in a cylinder during
power stroke to produce the
same power at the flywheel.
ZA40S
9
Working Principle of Diesel Engine
Vs+Vc V1
= ----------- = ------
Vc V2
TDC V c o mp
x D2
Vs Vc= ----------- x S
4
BDC
pk = p1 x n
n = polytrope exponent 1.35
p1 = pressure at the beginning
of the compression
S absolute pressure
tk = T1 x n-1 -273
T1 = temp at the beginning of the
compression in Kelvin degree
( rec. temp. +273 )
ZA40S
10
Compression Ratio
Compression ratio
Vp
D2 Vi
Swept volume : Vi s
4
Compression volume : Vp
Cylinder volume : Vs
Vs = V i + V p
cylinder volume
compression volume
Vs Vi + Vp
=
Vp Vp
ZA40S
11
Stroke to Bore Ratio
Stroke to bore ratio
S stroke
S
D cylinder bore
big influence on the size of the engine
structure
s/d bigbig structure, high, small output
in respect of structure volume
s/d small piston is big compared to
swept volume (heavy)
D
ZA40S
14
DESIGN ASPECTS
Piston Stroke and Cylinder Bore Ratio
PISTON STROKE TO CYLINDER BORE RATIO
Stroke to bore ratio is of importance for the size of the engine.
• The bigger the ratio is the bigger (higher) the engine will be.
• The bigger the ratio the better efficiency (be)
ZA40S
15
Mean Piston Speed
Average speed values of the piston in diesel engines
Engine type cm m/s
2-stroke high speed 8,50 ... 13,00
4-stroke high speed 8,00 ... 12,00
Medium speed:
main-engine 6,50 ... 9,00
auxiliary-engine 7,00 ... 10,00
2-stroke low speed 5,50 ... 7,00
4-stroke low speed 5,70 ... 7,50
ZA40S
17
The Four Stroke Cycle Engine
ZA40S
18
Valve Graph 4-Stroke Cycle Engine
E x h a u s t v a lv e
c lo s e s
Fuel Fuel
in je c tio n in je c tio n
b e g in s ends
In le t
v a lv e
opens
R o ta tio n
In le t
v a lv e
c lo s e s
Exhaust
v a lv e
ZA40S
19 opens
The First Stroke of 2-Stroke Diesel Engine
Fuel Fuel
in je c tio n in je c tio n
b e g in s ends
1st Stroke (Compression)
Piston at BDC
Scavenge Ports and Exhaust Valve Open
Scavenge air flows into the cylinder and presses
the exhaust gases through the exhaust valve to
the turbocharger.
Piston Moves Upwards:
R o ta tio n
Scavenge ports are being closed
Exhaust valve shuts, compression begins
Scavenge Scavenge
p o rts p o r ts
c lo s e open
Exhaust Exhaust
S c a v e n g in g
p o r ts p o r ts
c lo s e open
Exhaust
ZA40S
20
The Second Stroke of 2-Stroke Diesel Engine
Fuel Fuel
in je c tio n in je c tio n
b e g in s ends
2nd Stroke (Ignition – Combustion – Expansion
– Exhaustion – Scavenging)
Just Before TDC
Fuel is injected into the cylinder, Fuel Ignites in
the compressed and heated air = ignition, with
ignition combustion begins
Gases Expands and Press Piston Downwards
R o ta tio n (working stroke)
The exhaust valve opens, exhaust gases flow
out if the cylinder to the turbo.
Scavenge ports are being uncovered by the
Scavenge Scavenge downward moving piston, scavenge air flows
p o r ts p o r ts into the cylinder and presses the exhaust gases
c lo s e open
out through the exhaust valve to the the
turbocharger.
Exhaust Exhaust
S c a v e n g in g
p o r ts p o r ts
c lo s e open
Exhaust
ZA40S
21
The 2-Stroke Diesel Engine
Uniflow Scavenging
ZA40S
22
Animation of Loop Flow
ZA40S
23
Scavenging
Cross Flow Loop Flow
Uni Flow
ZA40S
24
Gas Exchange Process
ZA40S
25
Gas Exchange Process
EXHAUST AIR
T EX TA
TC
FUEL OIL LOAD
ZA40S
26
Good To Know
EExhaust Gas Temperatures
• 1°C change in ambient temperature will change exhaust gas
temperature by 1,5…2°C
• 1°C change in receiver temperature will change exhaust gas
temperature by 1,0…1,5°C
ZA40S
27
Good To Know
Charge air pressure will increase because of
1. High ambient pressure (Po>1013 mbar or >750 mm Hg)
2. Low ambient temperature (To<25°C)
3. High LT-water temperature (TLT>35°C)
4. Retarded injection timing (5°=0,3 bar)
Charge air pressure will decrease because of
1. Low ambient pressure (Po<1013 mbar or < 750 mm Hg)
2. High ambient temperature (To>25°C)
3. Low LT-water temperature (TLT<30°)
4. Advanced injection timing (5°=0,3 bar)
5. Charge air or exhaust gas leakage
6. High exhaust gas back pressure (PATC>300 mm H2O)
ZA40S
28
