NETWORKING

BSIT 4 / CHS– TTH 12:30 – 2 / 204

IP ADDRESSING
PART 2

1
 Binary Notation

01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010

2
Figure 4-1

Dotted-decimal notation

3
Example 1
Change the following IP address from binary
notation to dotted-decimal notation.
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
Answer

129.11.11.239

4
Example 2

Change the following IP address from

dotted-decimal notation to binary notation:
111.56.45.78

Answer:
01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110
5
Major Network Classes

Lead Slash Possible Address Nets per Hosts per

Class
Bits Prefix Values Class Net

A 0xxx /8 0.0.0.0- 128 16,777,214

127.255.255.255
B 10xx /16 128.0.0.0- 16,384 65,534
191.255.255.255
C 110x /24 192.0.0.0- 2,097,152 254
223.255.255.255
D 1110 /32 224.0.0.0- 268,435,4 0
239.255.255.255 56
Undefi
E 1111 240.0.0.0- Undefined Undefined
ned
255.255.255.255

6
 IP addressing Rules

Rule Purpose Example

Host ID cannot be all binary 1s This address represents a network broadcast 131.107.255.255
Host ID cannot be all binary 0s This address identifies a network 131.107.0.0
Network ID cannot be all binary 0s This address represents “on this network” 0.0.145.23
Network ID cannot be all binary 1s The address represents “ on all networks” 255.255.1.142

This address range is reserved for the

Network ID cannot be decimal 127 127.0.0.1
loopback address

This address is used to represent the default

IP address cannot be all binary 0s 0.0.0.0
route
IP address cannot be all binary 1s This address is used to represent a broadcast 255.255.255.255

Network IDs of 224 and above in Class D addresses are reserved for
the first octet cannot be assigned multicasting, while Class E addresses 224.0.0.1
to hosts represent an experimental range

7
Problem 1

Find the error in the following IP Address

111.56.045.78

Solution

There are no leading zeroes in

Dotted-decimal notation (045)

8
Example 3 (continued)

Find the error in the following IP Address

75.45.301.14

Solution

In decimal notation each number <= 255

301 is out of the range

9
CLASSFUL ADDRESSING

10
Figure 4-2

Occupation of the address space

11
In classful addressing the address space is
divided into 5 classes:

A, B, C, D, and E.

12
Figure 4-3

Finding the class in binary notation

13
Figure 4-4

Finding the address class

14
 Example 5

Show that Class A has

231 = 2,147,483,648 addresses

15
Example 6

Find the class of the following IP addresses

00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

16
Netid and hostid

17
Network Addresses
The network address is the first address.

The network address defines the network to the

rest of the Internet.
Given the network address, we can find the
class of the address, the block, and the range of
the addresses in the block

18
Example 8
Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find the class,
the block, and the range of the addresses

Solution

The 1st byte is between 128 and 191. Hence, Class B.

The block has a netid of 132.21. The addresses range
from132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.

19
Subnetting/Supernetting
and
Classless Addressing

20
 CONTENTS
• SUBNETTING
• SUPERNETTING
• CLASSLESS ADDRSSING

21
5.1

SUBNETTING

22
IP addresses are designed with
two levels of hierarchy.

23
Figure 5-1

A network with two levels of

hierarchy (not subnetted)

24
Figure 5-2
A network with three levels of
hierarchy (subnetted)

25
 Note
• Subnetting is done by borrowing bits from
the host part and add them the network
part

26
Figure 5-3
Addresses in a network with
and without subnetting

27
Figure 5-5
Default mask and subnet mask

28
 Finding the Subnet Address

Given an IP address, we can find the

subnet address the same way we found the
network address. We apply the mask to the
address. We can do this in two ways:
straight or short-cut.

29
Straight Method
In the straight method, we use binary
notation for both the address and the
mask and then apply the AND operation
to find the subnet address.

30
 Example 9

What is the subnetwork address if the

destination address is 200.45.34.56 and the
subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?

31
 Solution

11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000

The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.

32
Short-Cut Method
** If the byte in the mask is 255, copy
the byte in the address.
** If the byte in the mask is 0, replace
the byte in the address with 0.
** If the byte in the mask is neither 255
nor 0, we write the mask and the address
in binary and apply the AND operation.
33
 Example 10

What is the subnetwork address if the

destination address is 19.30.80.5 and the
mask is 255.255.192.0?
Solution

See next slide

34
Figure 5-6

Solution

35
Figure 5-7

Comparison of a default mask and

a subnet mask

36
The number of subnets must be
a power of 2.

37
 Example 11

A company is granted the site address

201.70.64.0 (class C). The company needs
six subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution

The number of 1s in the default

mask is 24 (class C). 38
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs six subnets. This number

6 is not a power of 2. The next number that is
a power of 2 is 8 (23). We need 3 more 1s in
the subnet mask. The total number of 1s in
the subnet mask is 27 (24 + 3).
The total number of 0s is 5 (32 - 27). The
mask is 39
 Solution (Continued)

11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

or
255.255.255.224
The number of subnets is 8.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the
number of 0s) or 32.
See
40
Figure 5-8
Example 3

41
 Example 12

A company is granted the site address

181.56.0.0 (class B). The company needs
1000 subnets. Design the subnets.
Solution

The number of 1s in the default mask is 16

(class B). 42
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs 1000 subnets. Thi

number is not a power of 2. The next numbe
that is a power of 2 is 1024 (210). We need 10
more 1s in the subnet mask.
The total number of 1s in the subnet mask i
26 (16 + 10).
The total number of 0s is 6 (32 - 26).
43
 Solution (Continued)
The mask is

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

or
255.255.255.192.
The number of subnets is 1024.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 26
(6 is the number of 0s) or 64.
See next slide 44
Figure 5-9
Example 4

45
Figure 5-10

Variable-length subnetting

46
SUPERNETTING

47
 What is suppernetting?
• Supernetting is the opposite of subnetting
• In subnetting you borrow bits from the host
part
• Supernetting is done by borrowing bits
from the network side.
• And combine a group of networks into one
large supernetwork.

48
Figure 5-11

A supernetwork

49
Rules:
 The number of blocks must be a power of 2 (1, 2,
4, 8, 16, . . .).
 The blocks must be contiguous in the address
space (no gaps between the blocks).
 The third byte of the first address in the
superblock must be evenly divisible by the number
of blocks. In other words, if the number of blocks is
N, the third byte must be divisible by N.

50
 Example 5

A company needs 600 addresses. Which of

the following set of class C blocks can be
used to form a supernet for this company?
198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0
198.47.32.0 198.47.42.0 198.47.52.0 198.47.62.0
198.47.31.0 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.52.0
198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 198.47.35.0 51
 Solution

1: No, there are only three blocks.

2: No, the blocks are not contiguous.
3: No, 31 in the first block is not divisible by 4.
4: Yes, all three requirements are fulfilled.

52
 In subnetting,
we need the first address of the
subnet and the subnet mask to
define the range of addresses.

53
 In supernetting,
we need the first address of
the supernet
and the supernet mask to
define the range of addresses.

54
Figure 5-12
Comparison of subnet, default,
and supernet masks

55
 Example 13

We need to make a supernetwork out of 16

class C blocks. What is the supernet mask?
Solution
We need 16 blocks. For 16 blocks we need to change four 1s to 0s in
the default mask. So the mask is
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
or
255.255.240.0 56
 Example 14

A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a

supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. A router receives three
packets with the following destination addresses:
205.16.37.44
205.16.42.56
205.17.33.76
Which packet belongs to the supernet?

57
 Solution

We apply the supernet mask to see if we can find

the beginning address.
205.16.37.44 AND 255.255.248.0  205.16.32.0
205.16.42.56 AND 255.255.248.0  205.16.40.0
205.17.33.76 AND 255.255.248.0  205.17.32.0
Only the first address belongs to this supernet.

58
 Example 15

A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a

supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. How many blocks are in
this supernet and what is the range of addresses?

Solution
The supernet has 21 1s. The default mask has 24 1s. Since
the difference is 3, there are 23 or 8 blocks in this supernet.
The blocks are 205.16.32.0 to 205.16.39.0. The first
address is 205.16.32.0. The last address is 205.16.39.255.
59
5.3
CLASSLESS
ADDRESSING

60
Figure 5-13

Variable-length blocks

61
Number of Addresses in a Block
There is only one condition on the number
of addresses in a block; it must be a power
of 2 (2, 4, 8, . . .). A household may be
given a block of 2 addresses. A small
business may be given 16 addresses. A large
organization may be given 1024 addresses.
62
Beginning Address
The beginning address must be evenly divisible
by the number of addresses. For example, if a
block contains 4 addresses, the beginning
address must be divisible by 4. If the block has
less than 256 addresses, we need to check only
the rightmost byte. If it has less than 65,536
addresses, we need to check only the two
rightmost bytes, and so on. 63
 Example 16

Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block

that contains 1024 addresses?
205.16.37.32
190.16.42.0
17.17.32.0
123.45.24.52

Solution
To be divisible by 1024, the rightmost byte of an address should be 0
and the second rightmost byte must be divisible by 4. Only the
address 17.17.32.0 meets this condition.
64
Figure 5-14
Slash notation

65
Slash notation is also called
CIDR
notation.

66
 Example 17

A small organization is given a block with the beginning

address and the prefix length 205.16.37.24/29 (in slash
notation). What is the range of the block?

67
 Solution

• The beginning address is 205.16.37.24.

To find the last address we keep the
first 29 bits and change the last 3 bits to
1s.
• Beginning: 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011000
• Ending : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011111
• There are only 8 addresses in this block.

68
 Example 17 cont’d

We can find the range of addresses in Example 17 by

another method. We can argue that the length of the suffix
is 32 - 29 or 3. So there are 23 = 8 addresses in this block.
If the first address is 205.16.37.24, the last address is
205.16.37.31 (24 + 7 = 31).

69
 A block in classes A, B, and C
can easily be represented in slash
notation as
A.B.C.D/ n
where n is
either 8 (class A), 16 (class B), or
24 (class C).
70
 Example 18
What is the network address if one of the addresses is
167.199.170.82/27?

Solution

The prefix length is 27, which means that we must

keep the first 27 bits as is and change the
remaining bits (5) to 0s. The 5 bits affect only the
last byte. The last byte is 01010010. Changing the
last 5 bits to 0s, we get 01000000 or 64. The
network address is 167.199.170.64/27.
71
Example 19
An organization is granted the block 130.34.12.64/26. The
organization needs to have four subnets. What are the subnet
addresses and the range of addresses for each subnet?

Solution

The suffix length is 6. This means the total number

of addresses in the block is 64 (26). If we create
four subnets, each subnet will have 16 addresses.

72
Solution (Continued)

Let us first find the subnet prefix (subnet mask). We need four
subnets, which means we need to add two more 1s to the site prefix.
The subnet prefix is then /28.
Subnet 1: 130.34.12.64/28 to 130.34.12.79/28.
Subnet 2 : 130.34.12.80/28 to 130.34.12.95/28.
Subnet 3: 130.34.12.96/28 to 130.34.12.111/28.
Subnet 4: 130.34.12.112/28 to 130.34.12.127/28.

See Figure 5.15

73
Figure 5-15

Example 19 cont’d

74
 Example 20

An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with

190.100.0.0/16. The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to three
groups of customers as follows:
1. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256 addresses.
2. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128 addresses.
3. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64 addresses.

Design the subblocks and give the slash notation for each subblock.
Find out how many addresses are still available after these
allocations.
75
 Solution

Group 1
For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This means th
suffix length is 8 (28 = 256). The prefix length is then 32 - 8 = 24.
01: 190.100.0.0/24 190.100.0.255/24
02: 190.100.1.0/24 190.100.1.255/24
…………………………………..
64: 190.100.63.0/24190.100.63.255/24
Total = 64  256 = 16,384
76
 Solution (Continued)

Group 2
For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This means the
suffix length is 7 (27 = 128). The prefix length is then 32 - 7 = 25
The addresses are:
001: 190.100.64.0/25 190.100.64.127/25
002: 190.100.64.128/25 190.100.64.255/25
………………..
128: 190.100.127.128/25 190.100.127.255/25
Total = 128  128 = 16,384 77
 Solution (Continued)

Group 3
For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means the
suffix length is 6 (26 = 64). The prefix length is then 32 - 6 = 26.
001:190.100.128.0/26 190.100.128.63/26
002:190.100.128.64/26 190.100.128.127/26
…………………………
128:190.100.159.192/26 190.100.159.255/26
Total = 128  64 = 8,192
78
 Solution (Continued)

Number of granted addresses: 65,536

Number of allocated addresses: 40,960
Number of available addresses: 24,576

79