Fuzzy Logic
Presented by Wei Zhang
CSE Dept.
Lehigh University
Outline “traditional logic”: {true,false}
Crisp Logic
Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic Applications
Conclusion
Crisp Logic
Crisp logic is concerned with absolutes-true or false,
there is no in-between.
Example:
Rule:
If the temperature is higher than 80F, it is hot; otherwise, it
is not hot.
Cases:
Temperature = 100F Hot
Temperature = 80.1F Hot
Temperature = 79.9F Not hot
Temperature = 50F Not hot
Membership function of crisp logic
True
HOT
False
0
80F Temperature
If temperature >= 80F, it is hot (1 or true);
If temperature < 80F, it is not hot (0 or false).
Drawbacks of crisp logic
The membership function of crisp logic fails
to distinguish between members of the same
set.
Conception of Fuzzy Logic
Many decision-making and problem-solving
tasks are too complex to be defined precisely
however, people succeed by using imprecise
knowledge
Fuzzy logic resembles human reasoning in its
use of approximate information and
uncertainty to generate decisions.
Natural Language
Consider:
Joe is tall -- what is tall?
Joe is very tall -- what does this differ from tall?
Natural language (like most other activities in
life and indeed the universe) is not easily
translated into the absolute terms of 0 and 1.
“false” “true”
Fuzzy Logic
An approach to uncertainty that combines
real values [0…1] and logic operations
Fuzzy logic is based on the ideas of fuzzy set
theory and fuzzy set membership often found
in natural (e.g., spoken) language.
Example: “Young”
Example:
Ann is 28, 0.8 in set “Young”
Bob is 35, 0.1 in set “Young”
Charlie is 23, 1.0 in set “Young”
Unlike statistics and probabilities, the degree
is not describing probabilities that the item is
in the set, but instead describes to what
extent the item is the set.
Membership function of fuzzy logic
Fuzzy values
DOM
Degree of
Membership
Young Middle Old
1
0.5
0
25 40 55 Age
Fuzzy values have associated degrees of membership in the set.
Crisp set vs. Fuzzy set
A traditional crisp set A fuzzy set
Crisp set vs. Fuzzy set
Benefits of fuzzy logic
You want the value to switch gradually as
Young becomes Middle and Middle becomes
Old. This is the idea of fuzzy logic.
Fuzzy Set Operations
Fuzzy union (): the union of two fuzzy sets
is the maximum (MAX) of each element from
two sets.
E.g.
A = {1.0, 0.20, 0.75}
B = {0.2, 0.45, 0.50}
A B = {MAX(1.0, 0.2), MAX(0.20, 0.45), MAX(0.75, 0.50)}
= {1.0, 0.45, 0.75}
Fuzzy Set Operations
Fuzzy intersection (): the intersection of two
fuzzy sets is just the MIN of each element
from the two sets.
E.g.
A B = {MIN(1.0, 0.2), MIN(0.20, 0.45),
MIN(0.75, 0.50)} = {0.2, 0.20, 0.50}
Fuzzy Set Operations
The complement of a fuzzy variable with
DOM x is (1-x).
Complement ( _c): The complement of a
fuzzy set is composed of all elements’
complement.
Example.
Ac = {1 – 1.0, 1 – 0.2, 1 – 0.75} = {0.0, 0.8, 0.25}
Crisp Relations
Ordered pairs showing connection between two
sets:
(a,b): a is related to b
(2,3) are related with the relation “<“
Relations are set themselves
< = {(1,2), (2, 3), (2, 4), ….} < 1 2
1
Relations can be expressed as matrices 2
…
Fuzzy Relations
Triples showing connection between two sets:
(a,b,#): a is related to b with degree #
Fuzzy relations are set themselves
Fuzzy relations can be expressed as matrices
…
Fuzzy Relations Matrices
Example: Color-Ripeness relation for tomatoes
R1(x, y) unripe semi ripe ripe
green 1 0.5 0
yellow 0.3 1 0.4
Red 0 0.2 1
Where is Fuzzy Logic used?
Fuzzy logic is used directly in very few
applications.
Most applications of fuzzy logic use it as the
underlying logic system for decision support
systems.
Fuzzy Expert System
Fuzzy expert system is a collection of
membership functions and rules that are
used to reason about data.
Usually, the rules in a fuzzy expert system
are have the following form:
“if x is low and y is high then z is medium”
Operation of Fuzzy System
Crisp Input
Fuzzification Input Membership Functions
Fuzzy Input
Rule Evaluation Rules / Inferences
Fuzzy Output
Defuzzification Output Membership Functions
Crisp Output
Fuzzification
Two Inputs (x, y) and one output (z)
Membership functions:
low(t) = 1 - ( t / 10 )
high(t) = t / 10
0.68
Low High
0.32
0
Crisp Inputs X=0.32 Y=0.61 t
Low(x) = 0.68, High(x) = 0.32, Low(y) = 0.39, High(y) = 0.61
Create rule base
Rule 1: If x is low AND y is low Then z is high
Rule 2: If x is low AND y is high Then z is low
Rule 3: If x is high AND y is low Then z is low
Rule 4: If x is high AND y is high Then z is high
Inference
Rule1: low(x)=0.68, low(y)=0.39 => Rule strength
high(z)=MIN(0.68,0.39)=0.39
Rule2: low(x)=0.68, high(y)=0.61 =>
low(z)=MIN(0.68,0.61)=0.61
Rule3: high(x)=0.32, low(y)=0.39 =>
low(z)=MIN(0.32,0.39)=0.32
Rule4: high(x)=0.32, high(y)=0.61 =>
high(z)=MIN(0.32,0.61)=0.32
Composition
•Low(z) = MAX(rule2, rule3) = MAX(0.61, 0.32) = 0.61
•High(z) = MAX(rule1, rule4) = MAX(0.39, 0.32) = 0.39
1
Low High
0.61
0.39
0
t
Defuzzification Max
tf (t )dt
Center of Gravity C Min
Max
f (t )dt
Min
1
Low High
Center of Gravity
0.61
0.39
0
t
Crisp output
DEMO
http://www.clarkson.edu/~esazonov/neural_fu
zzy/loadsway/LoadSway.htm
A Real Fuzzy Logic System
The subway in Sendai, Japan uses a fuzzy
logic control system developed by Serji
Yasunobu of Hitachi.
It took 8 years to complete and was finally put
into use in 1987.
Control System
Based on rules of logic obtained from train
drivers so as to model real human decisions
as closely as possible
Task: Controls the speed at which the train
takes curves as well as the acceleration and
braking systems of the train
This system is still
not perfect; humans
can do better
because they can
make decisions
based on previous
experience and
anticipate the effects
of their decisions
This led to…
Decision Support: Predictive
Fuzzy Control
Can assess the results of a decision and
determine if the action should be taken
Has model of the motor and break to predict
the next state of speed, stopping point, and
running time input variables
Controller selects the best action based on
the predicted states.
The results of the fuzzy logic controller for the
Sendai subway are excellent!!
The train movement is smoother than most
other trains
Even the skilled human operators who
sometimes run the train cannot beat the
automated system in terms of smoothness or
accuracy of stopping
Current Uses of Fuzzy Logic
Widespread in Japan
(multitudes of household appliances)
Emerging applications in the West
FINAL REMARKS
Introduced crisp logic and its limitation
The concept of fuzzy logic and fuzzy set
A basic fuzzy expert system
A real fuzzy system – Sendai subway system
