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Single Variable Calculus Assignment Help

Goal 1. Differentiation.
1.1 Find the equation of every tangent line to the curve y = e
containing the point (−1, 0). This is not a point on the curve

1.2 Let a and b be positive real numbers. Find the equation of

every tangent line to the ellipse with implicit equation,

containing the point (2a, 2b). This is not a point on the ellipse.

1.3 Let a be a real number different from 0. Use the definition of

the derivative as a limit of difference quotients to find the
derivative to the following function,

at the point x = a.
1.4 Use the definition of the derivative as a limit of difference
quotients to find the derivative of the following function,
f(x) = tan(x),

at the point x = 0. You may use without proof that the following
limits exist and have the given values,
1.5 For x > 0, let f(x) be the function,

Thus the inverse function,

satisfies the equations,

e √y = x, and √y = ln(x).

Compute the derivative,

Goal 2. Sketching graphs.

2.1 Sketch the graph of the function,

2.2 Sketch the implicit function,

 2.3 Sketch the graph of the function,

Goal 3. Applications of differentiation.

3.1 A sculpture has the form of a right triangle. The material used
for the vertical leg has twice the cost of the material used for the
horizontal leg. The length of the hypotenuse is fixed (thus its cost
is irrelevant). What ratio of vertical leg to horizontal leg minimizes
the total cost of the material?

3.2 A farmer has a fence running diagonally across her property at

a 45 degree angle to the northsouth and east­west lines. She
decides to build a corral by adding a length b − a of fence running
north­south, a length b − a of fence running east­west, and then
connect the two corners with 2 length b of fence running north­
south and east­west. Thus, the total new length of fence needed is
4b − 2a, and the corral has the form of a square of length b, with a
small isosceles triangle of leg length a removed from one corner
(where the square corral meets the pre­existing diagonal fence).
What ratio of a to b gives maximal area of the corral for a fixed
length of new fence?
3.3 An icicle has the shape of a right circular cone whose ratio of
length to base radius is 10. Assuming the icicle melts at a rate of 1
cubic centimeter per hour, how fast is the length of the icicle
decreasing when it is 10 centimeters long?

3.4 A cube of ice rests on the ground. The cube of ice melts at a rate
proportional to the surface area of the cube exposed to the air (thus,
the area of the 5 sides other than the side sitting on the ground).
Assuming it takes 5 hours before the volume of the melted cube
equals 1/2 the initial volume, how much longer does it take for the
cube to melt entirely?
Goal 4. Integration.

4.1 An integrable function f(x) is defined on the interval [0, 1].

Give the formula for the Riemann sum of f(x) on [0, 1] with
respect to the partition of [0, 1] into n subintervals of equal length,
evaluating the function f(x) at the right endpoint of each
subinterval.
4.2 Let r be a positive real number. Use your formula for the
Riemann sum to reduce the following limit,

to a Riemann integral. Then evaluate that Riemann integral (using

whatever integration technique you like), and determine the limit.
 4.3 Use your formula for the Riemann sum to reduce the
following limit,

to a Riemann integral. Use an inverse hyperbolic substitution to

evaluate the Riemann integral, and determine the limit. You are
free to use the following formulas,

See also Problem 6.1.

4.4 Compute the following

integral,

Hint: It is not possible to write down the antiderivatives of either of

the seperate integrands.

4.5 Compute the following integral,

 Goal 5. Applications of integration.

5.1 Denote by a the unique angle in the range 0 < a < π/2 satisfying

Compute the area bounded by the curve,

y = tan(x), −π/2 < x < π/2,

and the tangent line to the curve at (x, y) = (−π/4,

−1).
5.2 Find the unique, positive value of h making the area of the
region bounded by the parabola,

and the parabola,

equal one half the area of the region bounded by the parabola,

and the parabola

5.3 Let a and b be positive real numbers. Find the volume of the
solid obtained by rotating about the y­axis the region in the first
quadrant of the xy­plane bounded by the x­axis, the y­axis, the line x
= aπ and the curve,

y = b sin(x/a).

You may use either the washer method or the shell

method
5.4 Compute the arc length of the segment of the curve,

y = ln(x),

bounded by (x, y) = (1, 0) and (x, y) = (e, 1). At some point, it will
help to make an inverse substitution. You may make either an
inverse trigonometric substitution or an inverse hyperbolic
substitution (the resulting integrals are comparable). See also
Problem 6.2.
5.5 Compute the area of the surface obtained by rotating about the
y­axis the segment of the curve,
y = ln(x),

bounded by (x, y) = (1, 0) and (x, y) = (e, 1). At some point, it will
help to make an inverse substitution. It is best to make an inverse
hyperbolic substitution. You are free to use the following
formulas,
See also Problem 6.3.

Goal 6. Techniques of integration.

6.1 Do the inverse substitution part of Problem

4.3.
6.2 Do the inverse substitution part of Problem 5.4.

6.3 Do the inverse substitution part of Problem 5.5.

6.4 Compute the following antiderivative,

Hint: Use the half­angle formula and integration by parts.

6.5 Compute the following antiderivative,

 6.6 Compute the following antiderivative,

6.7 Compute the following antiderivative,

Goal 7. L’Hospital’s rule.

7.1 Compute the following limit

7.2 Compute the following limit,

7.3 Try to find nonzero, analytic functions f(x) and g(x) defined
near x = 0 such that f(0) = g(0) = 0 but

does not equal 1. Remark. Don’t try too hard! No problem on

the final will ask anything this vague. Also, functions f(x) and
g(x) satsifying the conditions do not exist :)
 7.4 Denote,

and denote,

Compute the limit,

7.5 Compute the limit

Goal 8. Improper integrals.

8.1 Determine whether the following improper integral

converges or diverges. If it converges, evaluate it.

8.2 Determine whether the following improper integral

converges or diverges. If it converges, evaluate it
 Goal 9. Taylor series.

9.1 Compute the Taylor series expansion about x = 0 of,

f(x) = ln(1 + x).

9.2 Let a > −1 be a real number. Compute the Taylor series

expansion about x = a of,
f(x) = ln(1 + x).

9.3 Let a be a real number. Compute the Taylor series

expansion about x = a of,
f(x) = sin(x).

9.4 Let a be a real number. Compute the Taylor series expansion

about x = a of,
f(x) = cos(x).

9.5 Compute the Taylor series expansion about x =

0 of,

9.6 Compute the Taylor series expansion about x = 0 of,

 Solutions

Solution to 1.1 Denote by (a, ea) a point on the curve. The

tangent line to the curve has slope,

Therefore the equation of the tangent line is

The tangent line contains (−1, 0) if and only if,

Simplifying gives,

Since ea is always nonzero, the equation holds if and only if a

equals 0. Therefore, the equation of the unique tangent line to the
curve containing (−1, 0) is,

Solution to 1.2 Implicit differentiation with respect to x gives,

 Solving gives,

So for a point (x0, y0) on the ellipse, the equation of the tangent line
to the ellipse is,

Multiplying both sides by a2y0 and simplifying gives,

Because the point (x0, y0) lies on the ellipse, the right­hand side is,

Therefore the equation of the tangent line is

Plugging in (x, y) = (2a, 2b), the tangent line contains (2a, 2b) if
and only if,
 Solving for y0 gives,

2ay0 = −2bx0 + ab.

Because (x0, y0) is contained in the ellipse, the pair satisfies

the equation,

which is equivalent to,

Substituting the equation for 2ay0 gives the quadratic equation

in x0,

Simplifying, this becomes,

By the quadratic formula, the solutions are,

The corresponding solutions for y0 are,

The corresponding equations of the
tangent lines are,

and,

Solution to 1.3 The difference quotient at x =

a is,

Clearing denominators gives

Cancelling gives,

Simplifying gives,
 Taking the limit as h → 0 gives,

Therefore the derivative function is,

Solution to 1.4 By definition, the difference quotient at x = 0 is,

Since tan(0) = 0, this simplifies to,

Taking the limit h → 0 gives,

Evaluating gives,
Therefore the derivative at 0 is,

Solution to 1.5 Directly

Therefore, by the chain rule,

Alternatively, implicitly differentiating,

e √y = x,

gives,

Plugging in e √y = x and √y = ln(x) gives,

Solving gives,
 Thus, both methods give the answer,

Solution to 2.1 From the form of the function, it is clear the

function has vertical asymptotes at x = −1, x = 0 and x = +1.
Also, the function has a horizontal asymptote y = 0. Observe
that,

Similarly,

Therefore the only critical points are,

The corresponding points on the curve are

The function f(x) is decreasing for x < −1/ √3, increasing for −1/
√3 < x < 1/ √3, and decreasing for x > 1/ √3 (except, of course,
where f(x) is undefined at x = −1, 0, +1). It is clear from the form
of the derivative that x = −1/ √3 is a local minimum and x = +1/
√3 is a local maximum. The second derivative is,

The numerator is a quadratic equation in x2. However, there are

no real solutions of the quadratic equation. Therefore there are
no inflection points. The function is concave down for x < −1,

concave up for −1 < x < 0, concave down for 0 < x < +1, and
concave up for x > +1. Finally, f(x) is an odd function. This is
more than enough to sketch the graph. A sketch is included on
the course webpage.
Solution to 2.2 This is the equation of a hyperbola. The
asymptotes of the hyperbola are the lines with equations,

2y − ( √ 5 + 1)x = 0,

and,
2y + ( √ 5 − 1)x =
0.
Implicit differentiation gives,
 or,

Thus the critical points are the intersection points of the

hyperbola with the line,
y = −2x.

Solving gives a local minimum at,

and a local maximum at,

There are no inflection points. A sketch of the hyperbola is included

on the course webpage.

Solution to 2.3 Clearly there are vertical asymptotes at x = −1 and x

= +1. Simplifying,
In particular, y = f(x) is asymptotic to the line y = 2x as x goes to
±∞. Also, f(x) is an odd function that clearly has an inflection
point at (0, 0). The derivative is,

Thus the critical points are x = − √3, x = 0 and x = +√3. The

function is increasing for x < − √3, it is decreasing for − √3 < x <
−1, it is decreasing for −1 < x < +1, it is decreasing for +1 < x < +
√3, and it is increasing for x > + √3. Therefore x = − √3 is a local
maximum, and x = + √3 is a local minimum. Finally, the second
derivative is,

In particular, the only inflection point is x = 0. The function is

concave down for x < −1, it is concave up for −1 < x < 0, it is
concave down for 0 < x < +1, and it is concave up for x > +1. This
is more than enough to sketch the graph. A sketch is included on
the course webpage.

Solution to 3.1 Denote by x the length of the horizontal leg.

Denote by y the length of the vertical leg. Denote by s the length of
the hypotenuse. The constraint is that,
 is a constant. The cost function is

C = x + 2y.

Take x as the independent variable. The endpoints are x = 0 and x =

s. Implicitly differentiating with respect to x gives,

Thus, at every critical point of C,

Implicitly differentiating the constraint equation with respect to x

gives,

Plugging in dy/dx = −1/2 at a critical point gives the linear

equation,
2x − y = 0.

In other words, y = 2x. Substituting in to the constraint, the one

critical point of C is,
 The cost at this point is,

In fact, this critical point is a local maximum. At the endpoint x = 0,

y equals s and the cost is
C = 2s.

At the endpoint x = s, y equals 0 and the cost

is,
C = s.

Therefore, the ratio of vertical leg to horizontal leg minimizing

the total cost is,

Solution to 3.2 The total length of fence is

L = 4b − 2a.
The area of the corral is,
 Choose b as the independent variable. From the
constraint equation,

Since a must be between 0 and b, the endpoints of b are b = L/4 and

b = L/2. Substituting 2b − L 2 for a in the equation for A gives,

Differentiating

Thus the only critical point is at b = L/2, which is also an endpoint.

This gives a local maximum for A,

The value of A at the other endpoint is,

Thus the global maximum is when b = L/2, and thus a = L/2.

Therefore, the ratio of a to b giving the maximal area of the corral
is,
Solution to 3.3 Denote the radius by r and the length by l. The
volume of the icicle is

Using the constraint that l = 10r, the volume is,

Therefore the rate of change of V is

By hypothesis, dV/dt equals −1 cubic centimeter per hour.

Thus solving gives,

When the length is l = 10cm, the radius is r = 1cm. Plugging in,

the radius of the icicle is decreasing at the rate,

Therefore the length is decreasing at the rate,

To summarize, the length of the icicle is decreasing at the rate,

Solution to 3.4 Denote by x the edge length of the cube. Then the
volume is,

Also, the area of the 5 exposed sides is

By hypothesis, the rate of change of the volume is proportional to

the area of the exposed sides, i.e.,

for some constant C. Differentiating gives,

Substituting gives,
 But this is just another constant. Because dx/dt is a constant, x(t)
is a linear function,
x(t) = x0 − at,

for some constant a. By hypothesis, V (x(5)) = V (x0)/2. Solving

gives,

Solving for a gives,

Therefore the cube is completely melted at time,

So the additional time from t = 5 before the ice cube melts

is,

Solution to 4.1 The endpoints of the kth interval are xk−1 = (k

−1)/n and xk = k/n. The length of each interval is Δxk = 1/n.
Thus the formula for the Riemann sum is
Solution to 4.2 Plugging in k = nxk gives,

Therefore the function is f(x) = x . The Riemann

integral is,

Therefore the limit equals,

Solution to 4.3 Plugging in k = nxk gives,

Thus the function is,

So the limit of the Riemann sums equals the Riemann integral

To evaluate this integral, make the inverse hyperbolic

substitution,

The new integral is

In fact,

Therefore, the limit is,

Solution to 4.4 To simplify the second integral, make the

substitution,
v = 2u, dv = 2du.
 The new integral is,

But this equals the first integral. Therefore the difference is,

Solution to 4.5 To simplify the integral, multiply numerator and

denominator by cos(θ),

Substituting,

gives the new integral,

Thus the integral equals,

 Solution to 5.1 The derivative of tan(x) is,

In particular, the slope of the tangent line to the curve

at x = −π/4 is,

So the equation of the tangent line is,

Therefore the other intersection point of the line with the curve y =
tan(x) occurs at the unique point x such that,

This is precisely the equation defining a. The area of the region is

thus
 The first 2 integrals give,

and,

For the third integral, substitute,

u = cos(x), du = − sin(x)dx,

to get,

Therefore,

Altogether, the area is,

Solution to 5.2 The parabola y = x2 intersects the parabola y = h
− x at (x, y) only if

Equivalently,

or,

In particular, when h = 1, the intersection points are

Therefore the area of the bigger region is,

Evaluating gives
Thus the goal is to find the unique value of h so that,

equals √2/3. Simplifying gives,

Evaluating gives

So the equation is,

Simplifying and squaring gives,

 Thus the solution is,

Solution to 5.3 Using the shell method, the infinitesimal volume

of a shell with inner radius x, outer radius x + dx, and height y = b
sin(x/a) is,
dV = 2π(radius)(height)(width) = 2πxydx =
2bπx sin(x/a)dx
Therefore the total volume equals,

To compute this integral, use integration by parts

This gives,
For the second integral, notice that cos(x/a) is positive for 0 < x
< aπ/2, and then for aπ/2 < x < aπ, cos(x/a) is the negative of
cos(x/a) on the first interval. Therefore the integral from 0 to
aπ/2 cancels exactly the integral from aπ/2 to aπ. Therefore,

Observe that the volume of the cylinder with base radius aπ and
height b is π3a2b. Thus the fraction of the volume of the cylinder
taken up by the solid is 2/π2.
Solution to 5.4 The infinitesimal element of arc length, ds,
satisfies the equation,

In this case,

Therefore, the infinitesimal element of arc length equals,

So the arc length of the curve is

To solve this integral, use an inverse substitution. The goal is that
x2 + 1 equals a square. This occurs for
x = tan(θ), dx = sec2 (θ)dθ.

Inverse substitution gives,

To simplify this, write it in terms of sin(θ) and cos(θ) as,

This simplifies by making the direct substitution,

u = cos(θ), du = − sin(θ)dθ.

Drawing a right triangle gives,

 Thus the new limits of integration are,

Substitution gives

The partial fraction decomposition of the integrand has the

form,

Heaviside’s cover­up method determines the first 3

coefficients,
For the last coefficient, observe that 1/ is an even function.
Therefore the coefficient
D must be 0. So the partial fraction decomposition is,

So the integral is,

Therefore the total arclength is,

Solution to 5.5 By the Solution to 5.4,

The infinitesimal surface area is,

dA = 2π(radius)(slant height) = 2πxds =

Therefore the total area is,

To compute this, it is best to make an inverse hyperbolic
substitution. Since the goal is that x2 +1 is a square, it is best to
use x = sinh(t), so that x2 + 1 = cosh2 (t). The substitution is,

x = sinh(t), dx = cosh(t)dt.

Then the new integral is

To simplify this, use the half­angle formula for hyperbolic

functions,

Substituting gives,

Using the double­angle formula,

sinh(2t) = 2 sinh(t) cosh(t),

the antiderivative is
 Back­substituting gives

Therefore the total area is,

Evaluating gives,

Solution to 6.1 See Solution to 4.3.

Solution to 6.2 See Solution to 5.4.

Solution to 6.3 See Solution to 5.5.

Solution to 6.4 First make the inverse substitution,

 x = sin(θ), dx = cos(θ)dθ.

The new integral is,

To simplify this, use the half­angle formula,

Substituting gives,

Of course the first antiderivative is simply,

For the second antiderivative, use integration by parts,

Thus,
 The last integral is straightforward, giving,

In total, the integral is,

Back­substituting, the original integral is,

Solution to 6.5 First make the inverse

substitution
x = sin(θ), dx = cos(θ)dθ.

The new integral is,

This can be computed using integration by parts

Thus,

Back­substituting gives

Solution to 6.7 Make the inverse substitution,

x = tan(θ), dx = sec2 (θ)dθ.

The new integral equals

 Next use integration by parts,

Therefore,

For the second integral, rewrite it as,

Making the substitution,

u = cos(θ), du = − sin(θ)dθ,

the integral becomes,

Therefore the total integral is,

 Using right triangles,

Back­substituting for x gives,

Solution to 7.1 The limit is simply,

Solution to 7.2 Here it is best to first compute the linearization

of the second factor,

Using the linearization,

gives the linearization,

 Therefore, the limit is,

Applying L’Hospital’s rule,

Therefore the limit is,

Therefore the real limit needed is,

 This leaves only the first limit,

Applying L’Hospital’s rule,

Thus, altogether,

Therefore,

Solution to 7.4 By definition,

 Solution to 7.5 Write the limit as,

Using the Taylor series expansion

and,

the Taylor series expansion of the ratio is

Therefore,

So the limit is,

 Solution to 8.1 Using integration by parts,

Therefore the improper integral is,

As computed above, using L’Hospital’s rule,

Therefore the limit is 1 − 0 + 0 = 1. So the improper integral

converges to,

Solution to 8.2 By comparison to 1/x2, the improper integral

converges. To evaluate it, make the inverse trigonometric
substitution,
x = tan(θ), dx = sec2 (θ)dθ.

The new integral is,

Now make the substitution

u = cos(θ), du = − sin(θ)dθ

Using right triangles,

So the new limits of integration are,

So the integral is,

 Using the Heaviside cover­up method,

and,
Thus the integral is,

Evaluating gives,

Solution to 9.1 The Taylor series expansion is,

The simplest way to see this is to observe,

 Using the Taylor series expansion,

with u = (−t) gives,

Integrating term­by­term

Finally, substituting n = k + 1 gives the result.

Solution to 9.2 The Taylor series expansion is,

The easiest way to see this is to write,

ln(1 + x) = ln(1 + a + (x − a)) = ln((1 + a)(1 + (x

− a)/(1 + a))).
Because ln(AB) = ln(A) + ln(B), this gives,
 Using the expansion,

Solution to 9.3 The Taylor series expansion is,

The easiest way to see this is to use the angle­addition

formulas,
sin(x) = sin(a + (x − a)) = cos(a)sin(x − a) +
sin(a) cos(x − a),
together with the Taylor series expansions,

with the substitution u = x − a.

Solution to 9.4 The Taylor series expansion is,

This follows similarly to Solution to 9.3.

Solution to 9.5 The Taylor series expansion is,

The easiest way to see this is to write,

Solution to 9.6 The Taylor series expansion is,

This is similar to Solution to 9.5.