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Earthing & Bonding

The document discusses earthing and bonding systems. It defines earthing as connecting equipment to the general mass of earth to ensure immediate discharge of energy without danger. There are two types of earthing - system earthing, which is essential for proper system operation, and equipment earthing, which concerns personnel and equipment safety. Earthing aims to provide a uniform earth potential and prevent potential differences and accidents from faults or static buildup. Common earthing materials and electrodes are also discussed.

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Pranjal Choudhury
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464 views15 pages

Earthing & Bonding

The document discusses earthing and bonding systems. It defines earthing as connecting equipment to the general mass of earth to ensure immediate discharge of energy without danger. There are two types of earthing - system earthing, which is essential for proper system operation, and equipment earthing, which concerns personnel and equipment safety. Earthing aims to provide a uniform earth potential and prevent potential differences and accidents from faults or static buildup. Common earthing materials and electrodes are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Pranjal Choudhury
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Earthing: Provides the definition of earthing within an electrical context, explaining its role in preventing system failures and ensuring safety.
  • Types of Earthing: Explores different methods of earthing including system and equipment earthing, highlighting their importance for safety and system operation.
  • Purpose of Earthing: Outlines the purposes of earthing, focusing on reducing faults, preventing accidents, and ensuring safety in electrical systems.
  • Materials of Earth Electrodes: Discusses various materials used for earth electrodes and their rates of degradation over time.
  • Objectives of Earthing: Details the main objectives of earthing, emphasizing safety and service continuity.
  • Applications of Earthing Techniques: Lists the various areas and equipment that utilize earthing techniques, detailing specific procedures for each.
  • Types of Earthing Electrodes: Examines the different types of earthing electrodes and their specifications.
  • Earth Resistance Factors: Discusses factors affecting earth resistance such as metal and soil characteristics and their impact on performance.
  • Achieving Low Overall Resistance: Provides strategies to obtain lower overall resistance in earthing systems, exploring environmental and installation considerations.
  • Potential Equalization and Bonding: Focuses on the importance of potential equalization or bonding to minimize potential differences in conductive objects.
  • Measuring Earth Resistance: Outlines the methods of measuring earth resistance using specific instruments and provides acceptable standard values.
  • Bonding Techniques: Explains bonding techniques used to prevent sparking and reduce potential differences between conductive objects.
  • Transfer of Flammable Liquids: Describes the hazards associated with transferring flammable liquids and how static charge buildup can be prevented.
  • Hazard Reduction Measures: Discusses various measures to reduce hazards when handling flammable or volatile liquids.
  • Tank Lorry Safety: Provides safety guidelines for tank lorries, focusing on earthing during loading and unloading operations to prevent static charge accidents.

EARTHING & BONDING

Source of IGNITION :- Electricity/Static Charge/Stray current


/ Lightning / Minimize equipment / System Failure due to
inadequate earthing

Definition:-Indian Electricity rules 1956 has defined


“Earthed or connected with earthed” means connected with
the general mass of earth in such manner which ensures all
times an immediate discharge of energy without danger and
“Earthing System” means Electrical system in which all
conductors are earthed.

1 1
EARTHING & BONDING

TYPES OF EARTHING

System earthing
Equipment earthing

System earthing is essential to the proper operation of the


system

Equipment earthing concerns the safety of personnel and


plant. A key function of equipment earthing is to provide a
controlled method to prevent the build up of static electricity,
thus reducing the risk of electrical discharge in potentially
hazardous environments. Generally, a resistance to earth of
less than 106 W will ensure safe dissipation of static electricity
1 2
in all situations
EARTHING & BONDING

PURPOSE OF EARTHING

Grounding Current if FAULT occurs due to break down of


insulation to protect equipment.

Less likelihood of Accidents,fire and shock.

Current carrying conductor –Earthing required for security


of Electrical System i.e. keeping it neutral

Non-current carrying metalwork - conductor is essential for


human safety
1 3
EARTHING & BONDING

MATERIALS OF EARTH ELECTRODES

COPPER – LOSS OF WEIGHT for size 150X25X3 mm


buried for 12 years is 0.2% per year

CAST IRON,WROUGHT IRON,MILD STEEL-Loss of weight


for size 150X25X3 mm buried for 12 years is 2.2% per year

GALVANISED MILD STEEL – Loss of weight for size 150 x


25x3 is 0.5% per year

1 4
EARTHING & BONDING

OBJECTIVES OF EARTHING

SAFETY OF LIFE & ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

 PROVIDE SURFACE WHICH SHALL BE AT


UNIFORM POTENTIAL OR NEAR TO ZERO OR
ABSOLUTE EARTH POTENTIAL

ENSURE NO DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL

Better SERVICE CONTINUITY

1 5
EARTHING & BONDING

EARTHING ....WHERE?
 11 KV -132 KV STRUCTURE & TRANSFORMER YARD-LIGHTNING
ARRESTORS ….2 NOS…..GI PLATE ELECTRODE earthing
 POWER TRANSFORMER – NEUTRAL EARTH OF TRANSFORMER -2
NOS.-GI PLATE
 MCC ROOM(415 VOLTS)- 4 NOS. GI PIPE EARTH
 DG SETS - GI PLATE & PIPE EARTHING
 ENGG. STORE –MCB (BODY EARTH)
 FIRE WATER PUMPHOUSE - ENGINE BODY EARTH ,CONTROL PANEL
BODY EARTH /STRUCTURE EARTH-100mm DIA. GI pipe earthing
electrode.
 Fire water storage tanks- Body earthing …….GI Pipe earthing
 BOREWELL -Pump Body Earth-GI Pipe earthing
 TLF GANTRY :-Structural earthing & Static earthing
 PUMPS-MOTOR BODY/FLP
 TANKS-BODY EARTHING WATCH TOWER-BODY EARTHING –GI PIPE
EARTHING
 STREET LIGHTS - BODY EARTHING
1 6
EARTHING & BONDING

TYPES OF EARTHING ELECTRODES

 PIPE ELECTRODES -100 mm dia.,3000mm


length
 ROD ELECRODES –GI (16 MM) & Cu(12.5mm)
 PLATE ELECTRODES -600 X 600 X 6.3 for GI ,
600 X 600 X 3.2 for Cu,600 X 600 X 12 for Cast
Iron,Depth -1500 mm
 SIDE FILL COMPOUND TYPE ELECTRODES
 STRIP OR CONDUCTOR ELECTRODES
1 7
EARTHING & BONDING

EARTH RESISTANCE OF AN
EARTHING ELECTRODE
 Resistance of Metal Electrode
 Contact Resistance of a Metal Electrode
 Resistance of Soil from the Electrode
Surface outward for flow of current
outward from electrode to infinite earth

1 8
EARTHING & BONDING

FOR OBTAINING LOW


OVERALL RESISTANCE
 The current density should be as low as possible in medium
adjacent to electrode & decrease rapidly with distance from
the Electrode
 Dimesions in one direction large required compared to other
two. Eg. A pipe has much lower resistance compared to
plate of equal surface area
 Depth of Electrode :-
• Failure to reach moisture level results in HIGH
RESISTANCE & SHARP POTENTIAL GRADIENTS around
Electrode.
• Efficient bonding should be installed where protection
against electrostatic charges is necessary thereby
decreasing resistance 1 9
EARTHING & BONDING

POTENTIAL EQUALISATION OR
BONDING
An Electric connection between an Electrically
conductive object and a component of a spark
protection system that is intended to reduce
potential difference
• Required in ZONE 1 & ZONE 0 and preferably
recommended for ZONE 2. All exposed
conductive parts shall be connected to the minor
supplementary equi-potential bonding system.
1 10
EARTHING & BONDING

MEASUREMENT OF EARTH-
RESISTANCE
 Earth resistance can be directly read through an Earth
test Megger which has associated Test, auxiliary
Current and Potential electrodes. This instrument which
is a combination of ohmmeter and a generator works on
‘fall of potential’ principle.
 Allowable earth-Resistance Values

a)The resistance value of an earthing system to general


mass of the earth should not exceed.
b)4 Ohms for electrical systems and metallic structures
c)7 Ohms for storage tanks
d)1 Ohm for main earth grid, and bonding connections
between joints in pipelines and associated facilities. 1
11
EARTHING & BONDING

BONDING
• SPARKING between 2 conducting bodies can
be prevented by an electrical bond attached to
two bodies
• Bonding prevents difference of potential across
the gap because it provides a conductive oath
through which static charges can recombine
• Bonding is done to minimize Potential
Differences between conductive objects.
• Bolted connections within the bond wire or at the
bond wire terminals are entirely adequate for
static dissipation.
1 12
EARTHING & BONDING

Flammable liquids transfer


 The major hazard involved with the transfer of
flammable liquids is the build up of static charge
due to charge separation with potential for
discharge resulting in fire and subsequent loss
of containment. Certain non-polar liquids can be
charged, e.g. while flowing through pipelines.
 The potential for accumulation of static charges
may strongly increase if the liquid contains a
non-miscible component or a suspended solid.
1 13
EARTHING & BONDING

Measures that can be employed to reduce


these hazards include:
• Ensure that the pipe transferring the liquid is
completely filled to exclude the formation of
explosive mixtures;
• Wherever possible ensure no contaminants /
solids are present
• Avoid mechanical mixing or agitation of low
conductivity liquids wherever possible;
• Use of ball valves with earthed metal spheres;
1 14
EARTHING & BONDING

Tank Lorry safety


 Tanklorry shall be bonded with the gantry structure by means of a flexible
electrically continuous earthing wire.
 Earthing/bonding connections shall not removed till the tanklorry is ready to
move out from the bay so that adequate time (minimum 2 minutes) is given
for dissipation of electrical charges generated during filling.
 Hoses shall be electrically continuous and resistance checked every 6
months.
 Earthing of tanklorries during loading/unloading shall be ensured as under :
Flexible earthing wires shall be electrically continuous, ensured by monthly
continuity test.
 Earthing wire shall be clamped on surfaces, which are not painted, rusty or
oily.
 Ends of earthing wire shall be provided with heavy-duty clamps for larger
surface contact and durability.
 The clamps shall be free of oil and dust
 Earthing wire shall be connected before commencement of loading and
removed after one minute of completion of loading/dipping. 1 15

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