INTRODUCTION OF
HUMAN SKIN
Shivanshu Gangwar
M. Pharma (Pharmaceutics)
CONTENT
HUMAN SKIN
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
EPIDERMIS LAYER
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
DERMIS LAYER
SUBCUTANEOUS OR HYPODERMIS LAYER
FUNCTION OF SKIN
Human skin
• The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the
largest organ of the integumentary system.
• Accounting for about 15% of the total adult body weight.
• The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and
guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal
organs.
• There are two general types of skin,
• Hairy skin
• Glabrous skin (hairless).
• STRUCTURE OF SKIN
• Skin has mesodermal cells, pigmentation, such
as melanin provided by melanocytes, which absorb some of the
potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation (UV) in sunlight.
• In terms of surface area, the skin is the second largest organ in
the human body .
• For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of
between 1.5 - 2.0 square metres (16.1-21.5 sq ft.).
• Skin is composed of three primary layers:
• the epidermis,
• the dermis
• the hypodermis.
EPIDERMIS
Outermost layer of the skin.
It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface
which also serves as a barrier to infection and is made up of stratified
squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.
The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and is nourished
by diffusion from the dermis.
The epidermis helps the skin to regulate body temperature.
The main type of cells which make up the epidermis
are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells.
Keratinocytes : Produce keratin for strength
Melanocytes : Contribute to skin color
Langerhan’s cells : Part of immune system
Merkel’s cells : Detect light touch & pressure
Layers Of Epidermis
Epidermis is divided into the following 5 sublayers or strata:-
1- Stratum corneum- The stratum corneum (Latin for 'horny layer')
is the outermost layer of the epidermis . The stratum corneum
consisted of dead cells (corneocytes), devoid of biological activity
and function.
2- Stratum lucidum - Located between the stratum granulosum
and stratum corneum layers, it is composed of three to five
layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes.
3- Stratum granulosum - The stratum granulosum (or granular
layer) is a thin layer of cells in the epidermis. Keratinocytes
migrating from the underlying stratum spinosum become
known as granular cells in this layer. These cells
contain keratohyalin granules
4- Stratum spinosum - The stratum spinosum (or spinous
layer/prickle cell layer) is a layer of the epidermis found
between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale.
5- Stratum basale - (also called "stratum germinativum").
The stratum basale (basal layer, sometimes referred to
as stratum germinativum) is the deepest layer of the five
layers of the epidermis, the external covering of skin in
mammals.
The stratum basale is a single layer of columnar or
cuboidal basal cells.
DERMIS
The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that
consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress
and strain.
The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement
membrane.
It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of
touch and heat.
It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous
glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste
removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale
of the epidermis.
The dermis is structurally divided into two areas:
A superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary
region.
A deep thicker area known as the reticular region.
Papillary region
The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue.
It is named for its finger like projections called papillae, that extend
toward the epidermis.
The papillae provide the dermis with a "bumpy" surface that
interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection
between the two layers of skin.
Reticular region
The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually
much thicker.
It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its
name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic,
and reticular fibers that weave throughout it.
These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength,
extensibility, and elasticity.
Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the
hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood
vessels.
Subcutaneous or Hypodermis layer
The hypodermis (also called the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia)
is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the
underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles.
The subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis and subcutis) is not part of the
skin, and lies below the dermis of the cutis.
Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as
supplying it with blood vessels and nerves.
It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin.
The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes
(subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat).
Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
1- BARRIER FUNCTIONS
Permeability Barrier
Barrier to UV radiation
Barrier to penetration of microorganisms
Thermoregulatory function
Sensory and Autonomic function
Immunological function
Vitamin D synthesis
Vitamin E secretion
