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Problems:
P.1 Determine the Fourier transform of x(t) = e-t/2u(t) and sketch
(a) IX(w)I
(b) <X(w)
(c) Re{X(w)}
(d) Im{X(w)}
P.2 Figure P9.2 shows real and imaginary parts of the Fourier
transform of a signal x(t).
(a) Sketch the magnitude and phase of the Fourier transform
X(W).
(b) In general, if a signal x(t) is real, then X(-w) = X*(w).
Determine whether x(t) is real for the Fourier transform
sketched in Figure P9.2.
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P.3 Determine which of the Fourier transforms in Figures P9.3-1
and P9.3-2 correspond to real-valued time functions.
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P9.4 (a) By considering the Fourier analysis equation or
synthesis equation, show the validity in general of each of
the following statements:
(i) If x(t) is real-valued, then X(o) = X*(-c).
(ii) If x(t) = x*(-t), then X(w) is real-valued.
(b) Using the statements in part (a), show the validity of each
of the following statements:
(iii) If x(t) is real and even, then X(o) is real and even.
(ii) If x(t) is real and odd, then X(w) is imaginary and odd.
P.5 (a) In the lecture, we derived the transform of x(t) = e
-'u(t).Using the linearity and scaling properties, derive
the Fourier transform of e -"t = x(t) + x(-t).
(b) Using part (a) and the duality property, determine the
Fourier transform of
(c) If
find R(w).
(d) x(t) is sketched in Figure P9.5. If y(t) = x(t/2), sketch
y(t), Y(w), and X(w).
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P.6 Show the validity of the following statements:
P.7 The output of a causal LTI system is related to the input x(t) by
the differential equation
(a) Determine the frequency response H(w) = Y(w)/X(w) and
sketch the phase and magnitude of H(w).
(b) If x(t) = e-tu(t), determine Y(w), the Fourier transform of
the output.
(c) Find y(t) for the input given in part (b).
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P.8 By first expressing the triangular signal x(t) in Figure P9.8 as
the convolution of a rectangular pulse with itself, determine the
Fourier transform of x(t).
P.9 Using Figure P9.9-1, determine y(t) and sketch Y(w) if X(w) is
given by Figure P9.9-2. Assume w, > wo.
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P.10 Compute the Fourier transform of each of the following
signals:
P.11 Consider the following linear constant-coefficient differential
equation (LCCDE):
Find the value of wo such that y(t) will have a maximum
amplitude of A/3. Assume that the resulting system is linear and
time-invariant.
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P.12 Suppose an LTI system is described by the following LCCDE:
(a) Show that the left-hand side of the equation has a Fourier
transform that can be expressed as
Find A(w).
(b) Similarly, show that the right-hand side of the equation
has a Fourier transform that can be expressed as
(c) Show that Y(w) can be expressed as Y(w) = H(w)X(w)
and find H(w).
P.13 From Figure P9.13, find y(t) where
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P.14 (a) Determine the energy in the signal x(t) for which the
Fourier transform X(w) is given by Figure P9.14.
(b) Find the inverse Fourier transform of X(w)
of part (a).
P.15 Suppose that the system F takes the Fourier transform of
the input, as shown in Figure P9.15-1.
What is w(t) calculated as in Figure P9.15-2?
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P.16 Use properties of the Fourier transform to show by induction
that the Fourier transform of
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Solutions:
S.1
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S.2 (a) The magnitude of X(w) is given by
where XR(w) is the real part of X(w) and X(w) is the
imaginary part of X(w). It follows that
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The phase of X(w) is given by
S.3 For x(t) to be real-valued, X(w) is conjugate symmetric:
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S.4
We take the complex conjugate of both
sides to get
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This shows that X(w) must be real-valued.
(b) (i) Since x(t) is real, X(w) = X*(-w). Since x(t) is real and even,
it satisfies x(t) = x*(-t) and, therefore, X(w) is real.
Hence, X(w) = X*(-w) = X(-w). It follows that X(o) is real and
even. (ii) If x(t) is real, X(w) = X*(-w). Since x(t) is real and
odd, x(t) = -x*(-t); an analysis similar to part (a)
(ii) proves that X(w) must be imaginary. Hence, X(w) = X*(-
w) = -X(-c). It follows that X(w) is also odd.
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S.5
(b) Duality states that
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Sketches of y(t), Y(w), andX(w) are given in
Figure S9.5-2.
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S.6
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S.7 (a) We are given the differential equation
Taking the Fourier transform of eq. (S9.7-1),
we have
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(b) We are given x(t) = e~'u(t). Taking the Fourier transform,
we obtain
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(c) Taking the inverse transform of Y(w),
we get
S.8 A triangular signal can be represented as the convolution of
two rectangular pulses, as indicated in Figure S9.8.
Since each of the rectangular pulses on the right has a Fourier
transform given by (2 sin w)/w, the convolution property tells us
that the triangular function will have a Fourier transform given
by the square of (2 sin w)/w:
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S.9
We can compute the function x(t) by taking the inverse Fourier
transform of X(w)
From the multiplicative property, we have
Y(w) is sketched in Figure S9.9.
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S.10
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S-10
Hence, X(w) is given by the convolution shown in
Figure S9.10.
S.11 We are given the LCCDE
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S.12
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S.13
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S.14
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S.15
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S.16
We are given
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