BUILDING PROTECTION
GROUP 9
WATERPROOFING
It is a technique used in the construction and design industries to curb the
effect of environment liquid penetration into systems. Waterproofing
preserves the strength and the durability of concrete surfaces in a
building.
Water resistant and waterproof often refer to penetration of water in its
liquid state and possibly under pressure, whereas damp proof refers to
resistance to humidity or dampness
Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures (such as
basements, decks, or wet areas), watercraft, canvas, clothing (raincoats or
waders), electronic devices and paper packaging (such as cartons for
liquids).
WATERPROOFING IN CONSTRUCTION OF YOUR DREAM HOUSE
BUILDING FOUNDATION WATERPROOFING
FOUNDATION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT IN A
BUILDING STRUCTURE,THE STRENGTH AND LIFE OF THE
HOUSE IS DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON THE FOUNDATION.
THE MOST PROMINENT AND CORCERNING PROBLEMS —
DAMPNESS AND WATER LOGGING.
MOISTURE IN THE SOIL AROUND THE FOUNDATION WHICH
LATER SEEPS INTO BASEMENT AND PROVIDES AN IDEAL
ENVIRONMENT FOR MOLD FORMATION.
Materials & Methods for Foundation Waterproofing
A. Foundation Drainage System
This is a basic setup in this type of waterproofing – perforated pipes running
along the perimeters of the foundation to an outlet outside in sunlight or a
place where water can be collected in a sump pit and pumped out. This
system protects against any kind of water contamination in the basement.
The perforated pipes must be laid between layers of gravel. There should also
be a layer of fabric barrier on it before putting the soil layer. The fabric and
gravel prevents these pipes to clogging up with time.
Foundation/Drainage system of perforated pipes.
* Note: Before laying the drain system, a layer of water proof solution must
be applied to the exterior wall.
B. Damp Proof Course (DPC)
DPC is a horizontal barrier on wall structure and its purpose is to stop moisture to rise
from the foundation into the structure. This layer is put between layers of walls and is
to be applied in both partition wall and the load bearing wall.
Process of DPC:
1. Clean and dampen the horizontal open surface, 15 cm above the highest ground
level nearby (level to which water splashes)
2. Mix Cement, Concrete and a Suitable Waterproofing compound in the ratio 1:1.5:3
3. Apply a layer of at least 25 mm thickness
4. After the mixture hardens – Apply the sealant solution layer (x1) horizontally and
after a 4 hour period (1x) vertically
5. This is to be applied to the full width, along all the walls of the
Foundation/Basement
Mold can develop for a variety of reasons,including:
1.Drippy faucets
2.Lack of ventilations
3.Shower surfaces 4.Clogged drains
5.Leaks behind walls
A bleach and water solution is often recommended for removing mold, but
while it may look and smell as if it is gone, bleach itself does not kill mold.
Basement Waterproofing
The Basement and the Foundation are the places that require the most attention because water can
cause major problems.
Two methods used in basement waterproofing is the Positive(application on the same side of hydro-
static pressure) and the Negative(application on the opposite side of water pressure) waterproofing.
Positive Waterproofing: In this method, the surrounding perimeters to the building structure is dug –
about a meter deep(depends) and layers of waterproofing solution is applied (horizontal x1, vertical
x1).
Negative Waterproofing: This method must be used in extreme conditions when there is no other way
of performing the task from the outside. Cautions must be taken that the materials used are not
permeable and do not form honeycomb structures.
Negative waterproofing method is commonly used because these structures are
commonly between other prominent structures and the surrounding areas cannot
be dug out.
INJECTION GROUTING – This is a process of filling cracks, voids of honeycomb
between wall layers.
Injection Grouting Process
TYPES Of GROUTING
1. Polymer – Polyester, Epoxy, Vinyl-ester, Polyurethane and Acrylic resins – used
for Anti seepage, underground structures.
2. Fiber-reinforced – polypropylene, Steel or Glass fibers mixed with Portland
cement – enhances flexural strength, impact resistance and ductility of the wall.
3. Cement – sand – Most popular grout due to low cost and availability. Not very
effectively strong.
4. Gas-forming- Aluminum and Carbon powder based grout with the cement
liquor – The gas formed due to material reaction pushes the grout mixture into
unreachable cracks. Very fast Process- experts only.
5. Sulfo-aluminate – Anhydrous(containing no water) sulfo aluminate mixed with
Portland cement – injected into walls. This method requires water curing(wetting
the wall) after hardening. The mixture then expands and fills all voids. This
method is better than gas forming because its easy.
BATHROOM/KITCHEN/BALCONY WATERPROOFING
Material and Methods
Primary materials used in waterproofing these areas –
Waterproof Sealant and Tape
• Water seal Tape- PVC like tape – used to seal fixture/pipes inserts, permanently. Use during pipe and
fixture laying.
• Waterproof grout (mixture of cement concrete with waterproof solution)- A free flowing, expanding grout.
This fills gap between pipe inserts into concrete/ masonry walls and floors. It is non-shrinking and fast
setting material providing long lasting water tight seal.
• Waterproof coat – Advanced performance – cementitious polymer based waterproof coating. Highly elastic
material providing up-to 1 mm of thickness from 2 coats -( x1 horizontal; x1 vertical)x2. It usually comes in
per-measured combination of liquid and powder – mixed in equal proportions. Brush apply to all the
areas, specially shower, under sink etc. Apply a layer of screed( leveled layer of cement). Then the pipes
and nahani traps are fixed with the support of brick bat coba layer to keep them in position.
Tiles and other bathroom fixtures – fitted after 48-72 hours of hardening
period.
* Waterproof sealant – An elastic based adhesive acrylic sealant – comes in a
tube. Applied to all the edges and corners – sinks and bathtub. Extra sealant is
applied to the floor level edges and chajja of windows and balcony because the
water usually retains at those places. CAUTION: Avoid using low quality white
cement putty as it tends to beak and get dirty with time.
* Primer – Adds protection after tiling and plastering of surface. A layer of
acrylic based primer. dry up time 4-5 hours. Primer fills any small gaps and
cracks.
Terrace Garden & Pool Waterproofing
Terrace Garden Waterproof –Layers
* Layer 1 – 30mm Foam shield – Sand cement and foam mixed in a special mixing device.
* Layer 2- (x2- Coat – Horizontal/Vertical)Roof Sealant Liquid Adhesive based solution. Dries up to form an
highly elastic membrane.
* Layer 3- Geo-Textile Fabric– This separates water from soil so that soil does not drain away.
* Layer 4- Concrete Screed – Smooth layer of concrete/cement – sand – 1.3.1. Slope gradient 1:100( slope
towards the drains to collect excess water).
* Layer 5- Pyro(Heat) Torch Shield Primer – Creates a layer for proper adhesion of Torch Shield membrane.
* Layer 6- Pyro Torch Shield (Anti root) Membrane (x2- Coat – Horizontal/Vertical) – Modified bitumen
based membrane. Heated by gas blow torches to activate the adhesion that sticks to layer 5. Anti root
membrane is safe from roots of the plants.
* Layer 7- Drain Boards – Is a proper channel for excess water in the soil to drain out. Soil filter at the end of
drain.
* Geo Textile Fabric – These are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability
to separate, filter, reinforce, protect drain clogging.
TERRACE SWIMMING POOL
Terrace Swimming pool Water
* Layer 1- EPOXY Grouting – (Synthetic thermosetting polymers containing epoxide) This layer fills all the cracks and the
corners.
* Layer 2 – Primer – A protective layer that also adds to the foundation of waterproofing.
* Layer 3- Fiber Mesh – Glass based fiber mesh that is extremely strong and rigid against high temperature changes.
* Layer 4 – (x2- Coat – Horizontal/Vertical)Roof Sealant Liquid Adhesive based solution. Dries up to form an highly elastic
membrane.
* Layer 5- Plaster – Plaster layer that is based on concrete grout.
* REPEAT LAYER 2-5.
* Layer 6- Tiles –Swimming pool friendly tiles according to need and style of the pool design.
* Layer 7- EPOXY Tile Grouting (Synthetic thermosetting polymers containing epoxide) This layer fills all the cracks and the
corners.
DAMP PROOFING
—is a type of moisture control applied to building walls and floors to prevent moisture from passing into
the interior spaces.
1.DPC visible between concrete foundations and brickwork
2.DMP (DAMP—PROOF MEMBRANE is a membrane material applied to prevent moisture transmission.
A common example is polyethylene sheeting laid under a concrete slab to prevent the concrete from
gaining moisture through capillary action.
Health and safety
Some DPC materials may contain asbestos fibres. This was more commonly found in the older, grey
sealants as well as flexible tar boards.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral substance that can be pulled into a fluffy consistency.
Asbestos fibers are soft and flexible yet resistant to heat, electricity and chemical corrosion. Pure asbestos
is an effective insulator, and it can also be mixed into cloth, paper, cement, plastic and other materials to
make them stronger.
These qualities once made asbestos very profitable for business, but unfortunately, they also make
asbestos highly toxic.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral substance that can be pulled into a fluffy consistency. Asbestos
fibers are soft and flexible yet resistant to heat, electricity and chemical corrosion. Pure asbestos is an
effective insulator, and it can also be mixed into cloth, paper, cement, plastic and other materials to
make them stronger.
These qualities once made asbestos very profitable for business, but unfortunately, they also make
asbestos highly toxic.
Asbestos is not a single type of mineral — rather, it refers to a group of silicate minerals that share the
same fibrous nature. In business terms, it was common to speak of common “white asbestos”
(chrysotile) and the less often used “blue asbestos” (crocidolite) and “brown asbestos” (amosite).
Types of Asbestos Recognized by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Serpentine asbestos: Chrysotile
Amphibole asbestos: Crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite, actinolite
Legally, the U.S. government recognizes six types of asbestos that fall into two general
categories as outlined in the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) of 1986.
Rustproofing
Rustproofing is the prevention or delay of rusting of iron and steel objects, or the permanent protection
against corrosion. Typically, the protection is achieved by a process of surface finishing or treatment.
Depending on mechanical wear or environmental conditions, the degradation may not be stopped
completely, unless the process is periodically repeated. The term is particularly used in the automobile
industry.
Rate of corrosion
The rate at which vehicles corrode is dependent upon:
• Local climate and use of ice-melting chemicals (salt) upon the roads
• Atmospheric pollution, such as acid rain or salt spray, which can cause paint damage
• Quality, thickness, and composition of metal used, often an alloy of mild steel
• Improper use of some dissimilar metals, which can accelerate the rusting of steel bodywork through electrolytic corrosion
• Design of "rust traps" (nooks and crannies that collect road dirt and water)
• Particular process of rustproofing used
• Plastic/under-seal protection on the car underside
• Exposure to salt water, which strips off the protective paint and also causes rust much quicker than ordinary rain water
would.
PEST CONTROL
Pest control is the regulations or management of a species defined as a pest.
In homes and urban environments, the pests are the rodent, birds,insects and other
organisms that share the habitat with humans.
Control of these pests is attempted through exclusion,repulsion,physical removal or
chemical means.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using other organisms.[8] It relies on
predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role.
Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the laboratory and released
into the environment. An alternative approach is to augment the natural enemies that occur in a particular area by releasing
more, either in small, repeated batches, or in a single large-scale release. Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive,
and provide long-term control.[9] Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management
programme.
Cultural control
Cultivation by ploughing exposes insect pests to predators such as black-headed gulls.
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective
barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being
useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed
grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed
dressings to control pests. However, successful control by pesticides is not easy; the right formulation must
be chosen, the timing is often critical, the method of application is important, adequate coverage and
retention on the crop are necessary. The killing of natural enemies of the target pest should be minimised.
3 Ways to Waterproof Wood
Use linseed or Tung oil to create a beautiful and protective hand-rubbed
finish.
Seal the wood with coating of polyurethane, varnish, or lacquer.
Finish and waterproof wood simultaneously with a stain-sealant combo.
