BT10903
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
TOPIC 5
EXPONENTIAL &
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
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Chapter Outline
• Logarithmic Functions
• Properties of Common Logarithms
• Properties of Natural Logarithms
• Logarithmic and Exponential Equations
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Logarithmic Functions
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Logarithmic Functions
To solve logarithmic functions, you have to know these two
forms:
Logarithmic Forms
&
Exponential Forms
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Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic forms:
logbx = y
How to read: log base b of x
Examples:
log416 = y
log39 = y
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Logarithmic Functions
Exponential forms:
by=x
How to read: b to the y power
Examples:
54=625
62=36
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Logarithmic Functions
For example: Solve log525 Logarithmic form
Solution:
Change logarithmic form to exponential form
logbx = y to by = x
log525 = y to 5y = 25
5y = 52
y=2
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Logarithmic Functions
For example: Solve log525
Other Solution:
log525
Formula:
= log55 2
logbb = 1
= 2log55
Note: b is any number
= 2(1)
=2
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Logarithmic Functions
Exercises:
a. Solve log381
b. Solve log6216
1
c. Solve log5
125
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Logarithmic Functions
a. Solve log381
Solution:
logbx = y to by = x log381
log381 = y to 3y = 81 = log334
3y = 34 = 4log33
y=4 = 4(1)
=4
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Logarithmic Functions
b. Solve log6216
Solution:
logbx = y to by = x log6216
log6216 = y to 6y = 216 = log663
6y = 63 = 3log33
y=3 = 3(1)
=3
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Logarithmic Functions
Formula:
1 1 n
x
c. Solve log5 xn
125
1 3
5
Solution: 53
3
logbx = y to b = x y
log5 5
3 3
log5 5 = y to 5y = 5 = -3log55
y=-3 = -3(1)
=-3
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Logarithmic Functions
Common Logarithms & Natural Logarithms
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Common Logarithm
Is logarithm to the base 10
log 5 log105
log 3 log103
log27 log27 x
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Natural Logarithm
Is logarithm to the base e
ln 2 loge2
In 8 loge8
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Example – Finding Logarithm
Find log 100 Common logarithm
Solution:
log 100 log10100
= log10102
= 2log1010
= 2(1)
=2
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Exercise – Finding Logarithm
a.Find log 0.1 Common logarithm
b.Solve log2x = 4
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Exercise – Finding Logarithm
Formula:
1 1 n
Find log 0.1 log x
10 xn
1
10 1
Solution: 10
1
logbx = y to b = x y
log10 10
1 1
log10 10 = y to 10 =
y 10 = -1log1010
y=-1 = -1(1)
=-1
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Exercise – Finding Logarithm
Solve log2x = 4
Solution:
Change logarithmic form to exponential form
logbx = y to by = x
log2x = 4 to 24 = x
16 = x
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Properties of Common Logarithms
1
1. logb (mn) logb m logb n 5. logb logb m
m
m
2. logb logb m logb n 6. logb 1 0
n
3. logb mr r logb m 7. logb b 1
4. logb b x x
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Example – Finding Logarithms
To get 56, you have to multiply:
Solve log 56 •8 x 7
•7 x 8
•1 x 56
•56 x 1
Solution: log 56 = log (8x7)
logb (mn) logb m logb n
log 56 = log 8 + log 7
= 0.9031 + 0.8451
= 1.7482
Note: it is better if you give the
answer in four decimal places.
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Exercise – Finding Logarithms
9
Solve log
2
m
Solution: logb logb m logb n
n
9
log log 9 log 2
2
= 0.9542 – 0.3010
= 0.6532
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Exercise – Writing Logarithm in terms of
simpler logarithm
a. ln x
zw
x
Solution: ln ln x ln( zw )
zw
ln x (ln z ln w )
ln x ln z ln w
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Properties of Natural Logarithms
1. ln1 0
2. ln e 1
x
3. ln e x
ln x
4. e x
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Exercise
3x
a. ln e
x
Solution: ln e x
3x
ln e 3x
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Exercise
Find log52
Solution:
5y 2
Change logarithmic form
log 5 y log 2
to exponential form
y log 5 log 2
log 2
logbx = y to by = x y
log 5
log52 = y to 5y = 2
0.4307
Cannot solve right??...so proceed like this >
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Logarithmic & Exponential
Equation
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Logarithmic and Exponential Equations
• A logarithmic equation involves the logarithm of an expression containing an unknown.
For example: log (x – 3) = 3
• An exponential equation has the unknown appearing in an exponent/power.
For example:
3x
2 7
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Example – Logarithmic Equation
Find log2(x + 1) = 4
Solution:
Change logarithmic form to exponential form
logbx = y to by = x
log2(x + 1) = 4 to 24 = x + 1
16 = x + 1
16 – 1 = x
15 = x
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Exercise – Logarithmic Equation
Find log4(3x - 2) = 2
Solution:
Change logarithmic form to exponential form
logbx = y to by = x
log4(3x - 2) = 2 to 42 = 3x - 2
16 = 3x - 2
16 + 2 = 3x
18 = 3x
6 =x
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Example – Exponential Equation
Solve 4 x 2 14
Solution:
4 x 2 14
4 x 2 14 You can put ‘log’ at both sides
You can put ‘ln’ at both sides
ln 4 x 2
ln14 log 4 x 2 log14
( x 2) ln 4 ln14 ( x 2) log 4 log14
ln14 log14
x2 x2
ln 4 log 4
x 2 1.9037 x 2 1.9037
x 0.0963 x 0.0963
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Exercise – Exponential Equation
Solve 4 3 x 2 64
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Exercise – Exponential Equation
Solve 4 3 x 2 64
Solution: 4 3 x 2 64
You can put ‘log’ at both sides
4 3 x 2 64
You can put ‘ln’ at both sides log 4 3 x 2 log 64
ln 4 3 x 2 ln 64 (3x 2) log 4 log 64
(3x 2) ln 4 ln 64 log 64
3x 2
ln 64 log 4
3x 2
ln 4 3x 2 3
3x 2 3 3x 1
3x 1 1
x
1 3
x
3
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OR….you can just solve like this
Solve 4 3 x 2 64
Solution:
3 x 2
4 64 To use this method, you
3 x 2 3 have to make sure both
4 4 numbers here are same
with each other.
3x 2 3
3x 1
1
x
3
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EXERCISES
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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Exercises
a. log 64 log 82 2 log 8 2(0.9031) 1.8062
1
b. log log 3 0.4771
3
c. log 1 0
d. log 10 1
e. log 1 log 1000 0 log10 3
03
3
f. log7 9 7 8 log7 7 8 / 9 8
9
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Exercises
27 33
g. log 3 log 3 4 log 3 (3 1 ) 1
81 3
1
h. ln e log ln e log10 1
10
1 (1) 0
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Exercises
Solve 5 (3)4 x 1 12
Solution:
5 (3) 4 x 1 12 ln 4 x 1 ln 73
(3) 4 x 1 12 5 7
ln
(3) 4 x 1 7 x 1 3
4 x 1 7 ln 4
3
x 0.6112
ln 4 x 1 ln 73
x 1.6112
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Exercise – Writing Logarithms in terms of
simpler logarithms
1/ 3
x 5
( x 2 ) 8
x ( x 2 )5
8
1 x 5
( x 2 ) 8
ln 3 ln ln
x 3 x 3 3 x 3
1
{ln[ x 5 ( x 2)8 ] ln( x 3)}
3
1
[ln x 5 ln( x 2)8 ln( x 3)]
3
1
[5 ln x 8 ln( x 2) ln( x 3)]
3
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DO YOUR REVISION
&
DO A LOT OF EXERCISES
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