Seminar in Strategic Management

Moderna Case Study

Prof. Osama Mousalem

Group Name : Friends

 Mona Mohamed El Sayed 19126228
 Fattouh khairy Fattouh 19126076
 Hossiny Awad Hossiny 19225558
 Moataz Ebrahim Hanafy 19225658
 Haytham Mohamed aly 19126229
( Recorder )
 Ahmed Abdel Rahman Hassan 19225631
Hand On Hand We Build Success ( Facilitator )
1 - Timeline ’ Software ’ – Milestones
2 - Characters
3 - Geographical Map
4 - MRANA – DNA – LNP –
5 - FDA – CDO – MIT – AI – AWS – BARDA – NIAID – NIH
6 - Quotes
7 - Summary
 Timeline Moderna
Case Study 2018 : 2019
pursued COVID
2015 : 2016 vaccine
2012
Turing : 2013
from Fully digital development
2010
manual to biotech withing structure,
Foundation of
digitize & company
Moderna
- Cloud-
Drug AI set
design studio - Hiring Marcello • Carrying out rapid
- Started based in research, drug
up (2012) Damiani onboard as
Cambridge as a - development, clinical
Moderna had a staff Chief Digital Officer
flagship venture trials and
of about 20 people (2015)
(started out as project (2012) manufacturing (2018).
LS18) . - becoming a fully • The local government
- Pioneering Innovation
- Designed from the through scientific
digital biotech of Wuhan, China,
ground up as a discovery (2013) company (2016) confirmed coronavirus
digital biotech growth COS. - BARDA awarded (2019).
company - Using Amazon Web Moderna a grant of
Services for data $126 M for the
 Timeline Moderna
Case Study

-The first
death the first
from the Moderna Phase 1 BARDA -Moderna’s
dose of BARDA award ed
illness -Getting team - Moderna vaccine was
caused by Modern awarde $472
in Phase 3
access to had had a’s million to
the virus . launched d Moderna’ of
the virus manufac vaccine clinical developmen
-The
tured with the Modern s late-
Chinese genome first was a a $483 trials stage t.
authoritie the first injected in the clinical
sequence inoculati million -Moderna
clinical developm
s posted into a grant U.S. partnered
the batch on to the human
ent
Lonza for
efforts.
genome for the NIH. volunte the
sequence vaccine er in production
of the Feb. Feb. April July
Seattle of Vaccine
virus
online.
Jan Feb March April July
2- Characters
Noubar Afeyan:

● Noubar Afeyan is an American-Canadian

entrepreneur, inventor and philanthropist of 
Armenian originHe is best known for co-
founding the biotechnology company Moderna,
through his venture capital firm, 
Flagship Pioneering, and for co-founding
humanitarian projects such as Aurora Prize and
The Future Armenian. As of November 2021, his
net worth is $3.3 billion.
Born July 25, 1962 (age 59)
Beirut, Lebanon
Nationality American-Canadian
Alma mater McGill University (B.Eng.,
1983)
Massachusetts Institute of T
echnology
 (Ph.D, Biochemical
Engineering, 1987)

Occupation Entrepreneur, 
venture capitalist, inventor
and philanthropist
Years active 1986–present
Known for co-founding Moderna, 
Flagship Pioneering, 
Aurora Prize, The Future
Armenian
Spouse(s) Anna Gunnarson
Children 4
Noubar Afeyan:

1. He is founder and CEO of Flagship Pioneering.

2. He has been a senior lecturer at MIT’s Sloan
School of Management where he has taught
courses on technology-entrepreneurship,
innovation, and leadership since 2000.
3. He lectures widely in the United States and
internationally on diverse topics ranging from
entrepreneurship, innovation and venture
capital to biological engineering, drug
discovery, medical technologies and renewable
energy.
Noubar Afeyan:
1. During his 28-year career as Inventor ,
entrepreneur, CEO and venture capitalist.
2. Noubar has co-founded and helped build over
35 successful life science and technology
startups.
3. He was founder and CEO of PerSeptive
Biosystems, a leader in the bio-instrumentation
field that grew to ver $100M in annual sales
within six years from its first sales.
4. Noubar received a Technology Pioneer 2012
award from the World Economic Forum (WEF).
Stéphane Bancel
● (born July 20, 1972) is a French billionaire
 businessman. He is the chief executive officer
 (CEO) of the American pharmaceutical and
biotechnology company Moderna, based in 
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Moderna is known for
its Covid-19 vaccine. He became CEO in 2011 and
owns a roughly 9% stake in the publicly traded
company. Before joining Moderna, Bancel was the
CEO of French diagnostics company BioMérieux.
As of August 2021, his net worth was estimated at
US$12.5 billion.
Born 20 July 1972 (age 49)
Marseille, France

Education CentraleSupélec
University of Minnesota
Harvard Business School

Occupation Businessman
Years active 2013–present
Known for CEO and 9% owner, Moderna
Children 2
Anthony Fauci
• is an American physician-scientist
and immunologist serving as the
director of the 
National Institute of Allergy and Infec
tious Diseases
 (NIAID) and the 
Chief Medical Advisor to the Presiden
t
.
Born Anthony Stephen Fauci

December 24, 1940 (age 80)

New York City, U.S.
Spouse(s) Christine Grady
 ​
(m. 1985)​
Children 3
Education •College of the Holy Cross (BA)
•Cornell University (MD)
Awards •Maxwell Finland Award (1989)
•Ernst Jung Prize (1995)
•Lasker Award (2007)
•Presidential Medal of Freedom (2008)
•Robert Koch Prize (Gold, 2013)
•Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of th
e Italian Republic
 (2020)
•Public Welfare Medal (2021)
•Dan David Prize (2021)
Dr. Fauci, luminary immunologist and
head of the U.S. Administration’s
Coronavirus Task Force.

In the early stages of the pandemic,

The New Yorker and The New York  
Times described Fauci as one of the
most trusted medical figures in the
United States.
 Melissa Moore
Melissa Moore to join Moderna as chief scientific officer
Role will oversee Moderna’s efforts to advance messenger RNA to
clinical pipeline
 Melissa Moore
Born New Market, Virginia, US
Spouse(s) Janet Kosloff

• Academic background
Education BS, Chemistry, 1984, 
College of William and Mary
PhD, Biological Chemistry, 1989, 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Thesis Mercuric ion reductase: mutagenesis of n-
and c-terminal paired cysteines and initial
crystallization studies (1989)
Doctoral advisor Phillip Allen Sharp
• Academic work
Institutions Moderna
University of Massachusetts Chan Medical S
chool

Brandeis University
Melissa Moore
“Now Melissa is taking her passion for RNA from the RTI
to Moderna. As chief scientific officer of Moderna's
mRNA platform, Melissa will be able to continue her goal
to develop novel, RNA-based drugs, both within the
company and through new and expanded collaborations
between Moderna and RTI labs.

Moore joined UMMS in 2007. Her research has

encompassed a broad array of topics related to the role
of RNA and RNA-protein complexes in gene expression
and touched on many human diseases including cancer,
neurodegeneration and preeclampsia. Prior to UMMS,
she spent 13 years as a professor at Brandeis University.
 Derrick J. Rossi

Derrick J. Rossi (born 5
February 1966), is a Canadian 
stem cell biologist and 
entrepreneur. He is a co-
founder of the biotechnology
 company Moderna.

HARVARD DEPARTMENT OF STEM

CELL AND REGENERATIVE
BIOLOGY
BOSTON CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL
 Lavina Talukdar
 WORK

Senior Vice President, Head Investor Relations @ Moderna Therapeutics

Head of Investor Relations @ Moderna Therapeutics

Senior Portfolio Manager @ Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (Adia)

Partner and Senior Research Analyst @ Lord, Abbett & Co. LLC

Senior Research Analyst @ Lord, Abbett & Co. LLC

Senior Research Analyst @ MFS Investment Management

Principal @ State Street Global Advisors

Biotechnology Analyst @ Fiduciary Trust Company International

see less

 EDUCATION

Stony Brook University

Bachelor of Science (B.S.) ( Business Administration and Management, General) 1992 - 1995
Lavina Talukdar joined Moderna in
April 2019 after 20 years as a biotech
and healthcare investor. She is an
expert in the niche market of
investment procurement for mRNA
development.

She has a Bachelor of Science (B.S.)

Business Administration and
Management, General from Stony Brook
University, 1992-1995
Marcello Damiani
As Chief Digital and Operational Excellence
Officer, Marcello Damiani brings a wealth of
experience from both Tech companies and Life
Science companies and a true passion for making
Digital a reality.
He has 20 years experience working in the IT
field, with the last 10 years being spent in
leadership roles for multinational companies in
Europe and in the U.S.
Prior to joining Moderna, Mr. Damiani was
instrumental in conceiving and building
creative IT solutions to help solve business
challenges, first at Motorola and then at
bioMérieux. His expertise is in visioning,
strategizing and implementing innovative
programs to update and streamline the digital
landscapes. He is known for his ability to
transform a company’s Information flow, and
ultimately improving the product and the
company’s processes through digitization.

Marcello explores what being digital means for Moderna –

and why and how it is a key enabler to advancing the
Mission.
Dave Johnson
Dave Johnson is a technology journalist who writes
about consumer tech and how the industry is
transforming the speculative world of science fiction
into modern-day real life. Dave grew up in New Jersey
before entering the Air Force to operate satellites,
teach space operations, and do space launch planning.
He then spent eight years as a content lead on the
Windows team at Microsoft. As a photographer, Dave
has photographed wolves in their natural
environment; he's also a scuba instructor and co-host
of several podcasts. Dave is the author of more than
two dozen books and has contributed to many sites
and publications including CNET, Forbes, PC World,
How To Geek, and Insider.
Juan Andres
As Chief Technical Operations and Quality Officer,
Juan Andres is responsible for the supply of product
required for Moderna’s preclinical and clinical
development programs, as well as scaling the CMC
(chemistry, manufacturing and controls) processes
across Moderna’s portfolio.
Mr. Andres also will lead all CMC late-stage
development and future commercialization
activities.
Mr. Andres was previously the Global Head of
Technical Operations (Manufacturing and Supply
Chain) for over 25,000 Novartis employees across all
of its divisions.
 Robert Langer

Born 29 August 1948

is an American chemical engineer, scientist,
entrepreneur, inventor and one of the
eleven Institute Professors at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
He is the most cited engineer in history and
tied for 4th most cited individual in any field
having authored over 1,500 scientific
papers, and is also a prolific entrepreneur,
having participated in the founding of over
40 biotechnology companies including
Moderna.
David Hamilton Koch
He was an American businessman,
philanthropist, political activist, and chemical
engineer. In 1970, he joined the family
business: Koch Industries, the largest
privately held company in the United States.
He became president of the subsidiary Koch
Engineering in 1979
and became a co-owner of Koch Industries
(along with elder brother Charles) in1983
Koch served as an executive vice president of
Koch Industries until he retired due to health
issues in 2018.
 3 - Geographical
Map

Armenia is the country of origin of his parents of Dr

N.Afeyan
His parents immigration from Armenia to Lebanon
Because of the outbreak of war
Noubar Afeyan born in 1962 in Beirut
then ,he immigrated with his family to
Canada in 1976
Noubar afeyan studied Engineering
biochemistry in Mc gill In Montreal 1983
Noubar afeyan was completed His Ph.D. In Massachusetts
institute of technology (MIT)
in USA and his business started
Moderna company establish on platform on mRNA
China,Wuhan is the first of regional while
spreed of coveed -19
Wuhan institute of technology
Chinese scientists in wuhan announced they had isolated and fully sequenced the virus
of coveed-19
The gene sequenced data was posted on virological .org
Seattle is the City which started of trial vaccination
on human against coveed-19
and it is the center of Microsoft on the World
 DNA
● Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule
composed of two polynucleotide chains
that coil around each other to form a
double helix carrying genetic instructions
for the development, functioning, growth
and reproduction of all known organisms
and many viruses.
● DNA and ribonucleic acid are nucleic acids.
It is the carrier of genetic information
● to produce a protein ;body used
information contained in DNA gene ,
each cell contain 2 copies of each DNA
gene but body need many more copies to
make protein.
● when body needed to produce a
particular protein , it made many copies
of that protein gene in form of RNA
which called mRNA.
mRNA
● Type of RNA found in cells-
● Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-
stranded RNA molecule that is
complementary to one of the DNA strands
of a gene. The mRNA is an RNA version of
the gene that leaves the cell nucleus and
moves to the cytoplasm where proteins
are made. During protein synthesis, an
organelle called a ribosome moves along
the mRNA.
● mRNA molecules carry the gene
information needed to make
proteins. They carry the
information from the DNA in the
nucleus of the cell to the
cytoplasm where the proteins are
made in ribosome (factory of
protein)
● once an externally manufactured
mRNA is injected into body as a
drug, the ribosome(protein
factory) in cells read injected
mRNA like a code and made the
protein
LNPs
● Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically
advanced non-viral gene delivery system. Lipid
nanoparticles safely and effectively deliver nucleic acid.
● Fats used to wrap up and protect mRNA and deliver it into
cells.
● Lipid nanoparticles offer many advantages over previous
lipid-based nucleic acid delivery systems including:
★ High nucleic acid encapsulation efficiency and potent
transfection
★ Improved penetration into tissues to deliver therapeutics
CLINICAL TRIALS
● Clinical trials are a type of research that studies new tests and
treatments and evaluates their effects on human health
outcomes. People volunteer to take part in clinical trials to test
medical interventions including drugs, cells and other biological
products, surgical procedures, radiological procedures, devices,
behavioral treatments and preventive care.
● Clinical trials are carefully designed, reviewed and completed,
and need to be approved before they can start. People of all ages
can take part in clinical trials, including children.
There are 4 phases of biomedical clinical trials
• Phase I (Dose-Escalating Studies) less than 100 volunteers. small
group of people volunteered to evaluate safety, immune effect,
tolerance across different drugs dosages
• phase II (100-1000 volunteers).used to confirm formulation , dosage.
• Phase III many thousands of human volunteers to evaluate protection
provided by vaccines.
• Phase IV following successful completion of these trials ,companies
sought regulatory approval from FDA. studies take place after country
approval and there is a need for further testing in a wide population
over a longer timeframe.
Vaccine
it is a biological preparation that provides
active acquired immunity to a particular
infectious disease. A vaccine typically
contains a biological preparation from
disease-causing microorganism. inducing the
immune system to produce antibody against
the future coming disease.
Abbreviations
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
● is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.
● The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through
the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary
supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs
(medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical
devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics,
animal foods & feed and veterinary products.
● The FDA has its headquarters in unincorporated White Oak, Maryland.The
agency also has 223 field offices and 13 laboratories located throughout
the 50 states, the United States Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.
● In 2008, the FDA began to post employees to foreign countries, including
China, India, Costa Rica, Chile, Belgium, and the United Kingdom
CDO (A chief digital officer)
● A chief digital officer (CDO) or a chief digital
information officer (CDIO) is an individual
who helps a company, a government
organization or a city drive growth by
converting traditional "analog" businesses
todigital ones using the potential of modern
online technologies and data, (digital
transformation)
● and at times oversees operations in the
rapidly changing digital sectors like mobile
applications, social media and related
applications, virtual goods, as well as web-
based information management and
marketing
● In Moderna , Marcello
Damiani was the CDO who is
fluent in digital technology and
pharma
● By 2016 , Moderna had made
quick progress towards
becoming a fully digital
biotech company
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Massachusetts
● is the most populous state in the New
England region of the United States. It
borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the
east, the states of Connecticut and
Rhode Island to the south, New
Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and
New York to the west
● The most common varieties of American
English spoken in Massachusetts
● Christians make up 57% of the state's
population,Jewes currently make up 3%
of the population ,Buddhists, Pagans,
Hindus, Seventh-day Adventists,
Muslims, and Mormons may also be
found
● Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is aprivateland-grant
research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts
● MIT is chartered as a non-profit organization and is owned and
governed by a privately appointed board of trustees known as the MIT
Corporation.The current board consists of 43 members elected to five-
year terms
● Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the
United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model
and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering
● As of December 2020 , 97 Nobel laureates, 26 Turing Award winners,
and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty
members, or researchers
● The university also has a strong entrepreneurial culture and MIT alumni
have founded or co-founded many notable companies.MIT is a member
of the Association of American Universities (AAU).
Apollo 11 astronaut Former UN President of Colombia CEO of General Israeli Prime Minister
Buzz Aldrin, ScD Secretary-General (1986–1990) Virgilio Motors Alfred P. Benjamin Netanyahu,
1963 (MIT Kofi Annan, SM Barco Vargas, SB 1943 Sloan, SB 1895 SB 1975 (MIT
Department of 1972 (MIT Sloan (MIT Civil and (MIT Department of Architecture), SM 1976
Aeronautics and School of Environmental Electrical (MIT Sloan School of
Astronautics) Management) Engineering) Engineering and Management)
Computer Science)

● Afeyan trained as a bio-engineer with phD from MIT

 AI (Artificial intelligence )
● artificial intelligence" is often used to
describe machines (or computers) that
mimic "cognitive" functions that
humans associate with the human
mind, such as "learning" and "problem
solving
● Damiani converted Moderna to AI
company by several principles
● first : establish a cloud for Moderna
● second : make integration between all
departments
● then insert automation and robotics
● to reach finally to be fully digital
company and factory
AWS (Amazon Web Services)
● Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a
subsidiary of Amazon providing on-demand
cloud computing platforms and APIs to
individuals, companies, and governments, on
a metered pay-as-you-go basis
● These cloud computing web services provide
a variety of basic abstract technical
infrastructure and distributed computing
building blocks and tools. One of these
services is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
(EC2), which allows users to have at their
disposal a virtual cluster of computers,
available all the time, through the Internet.
● Moderna used AWS as a cloud for all their
data
BARDA (Biomedical
Advanced Research and
Development Authority)

● The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority

(BARDA) is a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
● office responsible for the procurement and development of medical
countermeasures, principally against bioterrorism, including chemical,
biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats, as well as
pandemic influenza and emerging diseases
● BARDA was established in 2006 through the Pandemic and All-
Hazards Preparedness Act (PAHPA) and reports to the Office of the
Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR)
● The office manages Project BioShield, which funds the research,
development and stockpiling of vaccines and treatments that the
government could use during public health emergencies such as
chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) attacks
● Moderna built relationship with PARDA
● in 2016 PARDA had awarded Moderna a grant of 126 million dollars
for the development of Zika vaccine
● and on 16 april 2020 PARDA announced that it had awarded
Moderna a 483 million dollars grant to accelerate development and
manufacturing of its COVID-19 vaccine
NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)
NIH (National institutes of Health)
● The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is one of the 27
institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
● an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS).
● NIAID's mission is to conduct basic and applied research to better understand,
treat, and prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases.
● NIAID has on-campus laboratories in Maryland and Hamilton, Montana, and
funds research conducted by scientists at institutions in the United States and
throughout the world
● NIAID also works closely with
partners in academia, industry,
government, and non-
governmental organizations in
multifaceted and multidisciplinary
efforts to address emerging health
challenges such as the H1N1/09
pandemic and the COVID-19
pandemic
● on 24 february 2020 Moderna sent
their vaccine to NIH
● on 16 March 2020 the first
inoculation happened
the first dose of Moderna vaccine
was injected into a human volunteer
in seattle,Washington
 Quotes

Bancel

“Quotes
 The individual drugs—
preventative vaccines or . “Data is always the most
important element of any AI
therapeutic treatments— Bancel’s
Dr.fauci project. Luckily, we are in a
are like apps. If we get the
vision position where our systems
platform to work, many, are integrated and we have
We had long had a vision of many apps can be large amounts of structured
creating new types of
developed on our platform data we can use to build
medicines for humans
“mRNA is a platform like models,”
the iPhone,”

“We don’t just have the

science, or the technology. Turning things digital allows
We have both. mRNA as a fast growth and learning,
platform allows us to
develop a vaccine much
Noubar ensures quality, and makes
Afeyan replication and standardization
faster than recombinant
possible. It's impossible to learn
biology would. Also, this and learn reliably-if you need
isn’t our first vaccine, but Bancel’s
to work with manual data.
Afeyan our tenth. We had already Because we have an obsession vision
generated learnings from to learn, we needed to turn
our previous nine vaccines things digital, including in
that allowed us to move into
manufacturing
the clinic quickly now.”
 Marcello
“If any of the Excel cells Damiani Bancel
had been wrong, the AI is really the holy grail
entire design of the drug
would have been useless.”

If you have crappy

analog processes,
you’ll get crappy
digital processes.”
“People think in linear
The systems didn’t work well terms,”
together. Lots of data was “But we needed to start
just stored locally in Excel thinking in 10x
spreadsheets. At Moderna, dimensions. I challenged
we wanted business my team to think big rather
Bancel processes and data to be than to think incrementally
integrated. Having our lab Marcello
instruments connected to Damiani
each other through the
Internet of Things also
enabled data integration
 “you need great conviction
that your platform is going
We basically Juan to be successful to make
have to go from Andres that kind of an investment
with investor money. It’s We did all this in two
an early
adolescent
not normal to invest so months. The fastest time
much into manufacturing
company to a rather than R&D when anyone had done this
full adult you’re a young biotech,” before was 20 months, with
company SARS. It was a 90%
reduction in time.”

If we are successful in
developing that vaccine,
demand will exceed supply.
Enormously! Everybody is
going to want this vaccine. And
we will only be taken seriously
as a company if we are able to JUAN
Bancel produce that.” andres Bancel
 7 - Summary
Moderna started out as project LS18 in 2010 at Cambridge-based Flagship, at the time
called Flagship Ventures. Though based on venture capital-type investment pools,
Flagship was more than simply an early stage investor providing money to promising
business ventures. Moderna operates as an institutional innovation enterprise. It had
a vision of creating new types of medicines for humans. By 2012, Moderna had a staff
of about 20 people and recognized the need to digitize. To enable full digitization to
further accelerate research and results, hired chief digital officer (CDO)who is Fluent in
digital technology and pharma,. Digitization only makes sense once the processes are
done. By 2016, Moderna had made quick progress towards becoming a fully digital
biotech company. Functions across Moderna adopted digital and AI at different rates,
preclinical production had largely been automated and more automation, This
significantly reduced cycle times, allowing Moderna to move at a faster pace than
pharma or even other biotech companies.
By early 2020, Moderna was running 23 programs for various drugs, of which 11 were in Phase 1, and
one was in Phase 2. The programs included 11 vaccines, including nine prophylactic vaccines and two
cancer vaccines. The latest addition of vaccines included one against the novel coronavirus, though
other vaccines had been in the pipeline for much longer. Besides vaccines, Moderna also had several
therapeutics, including against cancer, autoimmune disorders and heart failure.

Moderna’s unique mRNA approach, paired with a proven track record in vaccines, played a role. Moderna
has not only science, but also, technology. It has both. mRNA as a platform allows it to develop a vaccine
much faster than recombinant biology would. Also, this isn’t its first vaccine, but its tenth. Moderna had
already generated learnings from its previous nine vaccines. Moving from the genome sequence to a vaccine
ready for trial in 42 days highlighted Moderna’s advantages. By the end of July 2020, only six months after
getting access to the genome sequence, Moderna’s vaccine was in Phase 3 of development. Once its vaccine
was ready, the Moderna team knew they needed extra support in manufacturing the vaccine. It would
mean leveraging a global network of manufacturing and delivery capabilities. The scale of vaccinating a
global population of over 7 billion was immense. To sum up, Moderna’s competitive advantage came exactly
from a shared understanding and shared data across all departments and teams.