Atomic Model Timeline

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 The Bohr Model
• Niels Bohr (1885-1962) was a Danish
physicist and a student of Rutherford’s.

• In 1913, Bohr introduced his atomic model

based on the simplest atom, hydrogen
(only 1 electron)
– Bohr proposed that an electron is found
only in specific circular paths, or orbits,
around the nucleus.
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Bohr Model

3
 The Bohr Model
• Each electron has a fixed energy = an
energy level.
– Electrons can jump from one energy level to
another.
– Electrons can not be or exist between energy
levels.
• A quantum of energy is the amount of
energy needed to move an electron from
one energy level to another energy level.
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The
The degree
degree toto
which
which they
they
move
move from
from
level
level to
to level
level
determines
determines
the
the frequency
frequency
of
of light
light they
they
give
give off.
off.
 Bohr Model
• To move from one level to another, the
electron must gain or lose the right
amount of energy.
• The higher the energy level, the farther it
is from the nucleus.
– Gain energy to move to higher energy levels
(away from nucleus)
– Lose energy to move to lower energy levels
(closer to nucleus)
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 5.1
Atomic Orbitals
• The numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals depend on the
energy sublevel.
Energy Level, # of sublevels Letter of # of orbitals # of Total
n sublevels per sublevel electrons in electrons in
each orbital energy level
 5.1
Atomic Orbitals
• The numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals depend
on the energy sublevel.
Energy Level, # of sublevels Letter of # of orbitals # of Total
n sublevels per sublevel electrons in electrons in
each orbital energy level

1 1 s 1 2 2

s 1 2
2 2 p 3 6 8

s 1 2
3 3 p 3 6 18
d 5 10

s 1 2
4 p 3 6
4 32
d 5 10
f 7 14
 5.1
Atomic Orbitals

• The number of electrons allowed in

each of the first four energy levels are
shown here.
– A maximum of 2 electrons per orbital
Use this to find the #
of electrons in an
energy level 2n2
 5.2
Electron Configurations
• The ways in which electrons are
arranged in various orbitals around the
nuclei of atoms are called electron
configurations.

– the aufbau principle

 5.2
Electron Configurations

• Aufbau Principle
– According to the aufbau principle,
electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest
energy first. In the aufbau diagram
below, each box represents an atomic
orbital.
Filling Diagram for Sublevels

Aufbau Principle
 Electron Configurations
• The electron configuration of an
atom is a shorthand method of
writing the location of electrons by
sublevel.
 Electron Configurations
• The electron configuration of an atom is a
shorthand method of writing the location of
electrons by sublevel.
• The sublevel is written followed by a superscript
with the number of electrons in the sublevel.
– If the 2p sublevel contains 2 electrons, it is written 2p2
 Writing Electron Configurations
• First, determine how many electrons are in
the atom. Iron has 26 electrons.
• Arrange the energy sublevels according to
increasing energy:
– 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d …
• Fill each sublevel with electrons until you
have used all the electrons in the atom:
– Fe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 6
• The sum of the superscripts equals the atomic
number of iron (26)
 Electron Configuration Practice

Ne

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 Electron Configurations
and the Periodic Table
• The periodic table can be used as a guide for electron
configurations.
• The period number is the value of n.
• Groups 1A and 2A have the s-orbital filled.
• Groups 3A - 8A have the p-orbital filled.
• Groups 3B - 2B have the d-orbital filled.
• The lanthanides and actinides have the f-orbital filled.
 Blocks and Sublevels
• We can use the periodic table to predict which
sublevel is being filled by a particular element.
 Noble Gas Core Electron Configurations
• Recall, the electron configuration for Na is:
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
• We can abbreviate the electron configuration by
indicating the innermost electrons with the
symbol of the preceding noble gas.
• The preceding noble gas with an atomic
number less than sodium is neon, Ne. We
rewrite the electron configuration:
Na: [Ne] 3s1
 Electron Configurations
Condensed Electron Configurations
• Neon completes the 2p subshell.
• Sodium marks the beginning of a new row.
• So, we write the condensed electron configuration for
sodium as
Na: [Ne] 3s1
• [Ne] represents the electron configuration of neon.
• Core electrons: electrons in [Noble Gas].
• Valence electrons: electrons outside of [Noble Gas].