PROGRAMMING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
WITH PYTHON
CHAPTER 11
TUPLES, SETS AND
DICTIONARIES
Introduction to Tuples
Tuples contains a sequence of items of any types.
The elements of tuples are fixed.
Tuples are immutable, i.e. once created it cannot
be changed.
In order to create a tuple the elements of tuples
are enclosed in parenthesis instead of square
bracket.
Example:
T1 = () #Creates an Empty Tuple
T2 = (12,34,56,90) #Create Tuple with 4 elements
T3 = ('a','b','c','d','e') #Create Tuple of 5
characters
T4 = 1,2,3,4,5 #Create Tuple without parenthesis
Built-in functions for Tuples
Built-in Meaning
Functions
len() Returns the number of elements in the tuple.
max() Returns the element with the greatest value.
min() Returns the element with the minimum value.
sum() Returns the sum of all the elements of tuple.
index(x) Returns the index of element x.
count(x) Returns the number of occurrence of element x.
Indexing, and Slicing
The indexing and slicing of tuples is similar to lists.
The index [] operator is used to access the elements of
tuple.
Example:
a = (‘H’,’E’,’L’,’L’,’O’) #Create Tuple
a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4]
H E L L O
a[-5] a[-4] a[-3] a[-2] a[-1]
>>> a[4]
'O'
>>> a[-4]
'E'
Tuples are immutable
Unlike Lists we cannot change the elements of tuples.
>>> t=(['A','B'],['C','D'])
>>> type(t)
<class 'tuple'>
>>> t[0]=['x','Y']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#30>", line 1, in <module>
t[0]=['x','Y']
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
The + and * operator on Tuples
The + operator - The concatenation + operator is
used to join two tuples.
Example:
>>> a=('A','B')
>>> b=(1,2)
>>> a+b
('A', 'B', 1, 2)
>>> type(a+b)
<class 'tuple'>
The * operator – It is used to replicate the
elements of a tuple.
>>> t = (1,2,3)
>>> t *2
(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)
Passing Variable Length Arguments to a
Tuple
You can pass variable number of parameters to a
function.
A argument that begins with * in function
definition gathers arguments into a tuple.
Example:
def create_tup(*args):
print(args)
Run the above program from interactive mode of Python
>>> create_tup(1,2,3,4)
(1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> create_tup('a','b')
('a', 'b')
Sorting elements of Tuple
Tuple does not support any sort method to sort the
contents of Tuple.
Following are the steps required to sort the elements of
Tuple.
a. Create Tuple
b. Convert Tuple to List
c. Use sort method of list
d. Convert back from list to tuple.
Example:
>>> t=(76,45,23,11) #Tuple
>>> t=list(t) #Converted Tuple to a List
>>> t.sort() #Sort method of List
>>> tuple(t) #Converting List to tuple
(11, 23, 45, 76)
Zip() function
The zip() is one of the built in python functions.
The zip() function take items in sequence from a number of
collections to make a list of tuples.
Example:
>>> t1=('Z','Y',',X')
>>> t2 =(26, 25, 24)
>>> zip(t1,t2)
[('Z', 26), ('Y', 25), (',X', 24)]
Introduction to sets
Set is an unordered collection of elements.
It is a collection of unique elements.
Duplication of elements is not allowed.
Sets are mutable so we can easily add or remove elements.
A programmer can create a set by enclosing the elements
inside a pair of curly braces i.e. {}.
The elements within the set are separated by commas.
The set can be created by the in built set() function.
Example:
>>> s2 = {1,2,3,4,5}
>>> s2
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> type(s2)
<class 'set'>
Methods of Set Class
Function Meaning
• s.add(x)
Add element x to existing set s.
s.clear() Removes the entire element from the
existing set.
S.remove(x) Removes item x from the set.
A set S1 is a subset of S2, if every
S1. issubset(S2) element in S1 is also in S2. Therefore
issubset() is used to check whether s1
is subset of s2.
Let S1 and S2 be two sets. If S1 is
S2.issuperset(S1) subset of S2 and the set S1 is not equal
to S2 then the set S2 is called superset
of A.
Set Operations
The union() method
The union of two sets A and B is the set of elements
which are in A, in B, or in both A and B.
Example:
>>> A = {1,2,3,4}
>>> B = {1,2}
>>> A.union(B)
{1, 2, 3, 4}
Set Operations…..
The intersection() method
Intersection is a set which contains the elements that
appear in both sets.
Example:
>>> A = {1,2,3,4}
>>> B = {1,2}
>>> A.intersection(B)
{1, 2}
Note: A. intersection(B) is equivalent to A & B
Set Operations…..
The difference() method
The difference between two sets A and B is a set that contains
the elements in set A but not in set B.
Example:
>>> A = {1,2,3,4}
>>> B = {2,5,6,7,9}
>>> A.difference(B)
{1, 3, 2}
Note: A.difference B is equivalent to A - B
Set Operations…..
The symmetric_difference() method
It contains the elements in either set but not in both sets.
Example:
>>> A = {1,2,3,4}
>>> B = {2,5,6,7,9}
>>> A.symmetric_difference(B)
{1,3,4,5,6,7,9}
Note: A. symmetric_difference B is equivalent to A^B
Introduction to Dictionaries
In python a dictionary is a collection that stores
the values along with the keys.
The sequence of key and value pairs are separated
by commas.
These pairs are sometimes called entries or item.
All entries are enclosed in curly braces { and }.
Example:
{'India': '+91', 'USA': '+1'}
Key Value Key Value
Creating Dictionaries
The dictionary can be created by enclosing the items
inside the pair of curly braces { }.
Example:
>>> D = { }
>>> type(D)
<class 'dict'>
>>> D={'Virat Kohli':52,'Sachin':100}
>>> D
{'Sachin': 100, 'Virat Kohli': 52}
>>> type(D)
<class 'dict'>
Adding new entries to a Existing Dict
To add new item to a dictionary you can use the subscript [] operator.
Syntax:
Dictionary_Name[key] = value
Example:
>>> D={'Virat Kohli':52,'Sachin':100}
>>> D
{'Sachin': 100, 'Virat Kohli': 52}
>>> type(D)
<class 'dict'>
>>> D['Dhoni']=28 #Adding New value to D
>>> D
{'Sachin': 100, 'Dhoni': 28, 'Virat Kohli': 52}
Deleting Entries from Dictionaries
The del operator is used to remove the key and its associated
value.
Syntax
del dictionary_name[key]
Example:
>>> D={'Virat Kohli':52,'Sachin':100, 'Dhoni': 28}
>>> D
{'Sachin': 100, 'Dhoni': 28, 'Virat Kohli': 52}
>>> del D['Dhoni'] #Deleting one entry
>>> D
{'Sachin': 100, 'Virat Kohli': 52}
The Methods of Dictionary Class
Methods of dict Class What it does?
keys() Returns the sequence of keys.
Values() Return sequence of Values.
items() Return the sequence of Tuples.
clear() Delete all entries
get(key) Return the value for the key.
pop(key) Removes the key and returns the
value if the key exist.
clear() Remove all the keys.
Traversing a Dictionary
A for loop is used to traverse all keys and values
of a dictionary.
The variable of a for loop is bound to each key in
unspecified order.
Example:
D={'Virat Kohli':52,'Sachin':100, 'Dhoni': 28}
for key in D:
print('Centuries scored by ',key,'=',D[key])
Output:
Centuries scored by Sachin = 100
Centuries scored by Virat Kohli = 52
Centuries scored by Dhoni = 28
Nested Dictionaries
Dictionaries within Dictionaries is said to be nested
dictionaries.
Example:
>>> Players={"Virat Kohli" : { "ODI": 7212 ,"Test":3245},
"Sachin Tendulkar" : {"ODI": 18426 ,"Test":15921}}
>>> Players
{'Sachin Tendulkar': {'Test': 15921, 'ODI': 18426}, 'Virat Kohli':
{'Test': 3245, 'ODI': 7212}}
Conclusion
Tuples are immutable
Set is an unordered collection of elements without
duplicates.
Sets are mutable.
A dictionary is a collection that stores the values along
with the keys.
