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GERUND

PRESENT PARTICIPLE

CLAUSE TYPES

Group 8
 Table of content
Linh Gerund

Hoa Present participle

Hưng Comparison: gerund vs present participle

Hồng & Lương Clause types

Nga Practice 2
A. Gerund & Present
Participle
I. Gerund
1. Definition
• A gerund is a word that is created with a verb but functions as a
noun, always ending in –ing
• When used in sentences, gerunds are treated as third person
singular nouns (like he, she, and it).

Ex: Reading is my hobby.

• A gerund phrase is a phrase that includes the gerund, its objects,

and its modifiers.
Ex: I love carefully collecting action figures.
Od
When making a gerund, there are a few things to watch out for:

 Unless a verb ends in -ee or -ie, we drop the final -e in a verb before adding -ing 
Ex: joking, taking, and making

 If a verb ends in -ee, add -ing like normal

Ex: agreeing, fleeing, and seeing

 If a verb ends in -ie, replace it with –y before adding -ing 

Ex: lying (lie), tying (tie), and dying (die).
2. Functions
Gerunds and gerund phrases can be used
four different ways: subjects, 
subject complements, direct objects, and
objects of prepositions.
 2.1 Gerunds as nouns
Gerunds and gerund phrases can be the subject of sentences/clauses or the subject complement
connected to the subject by an auxiliary verb (helping verb), for example:

• Gerund as a subject:
Ex: Sleeping is hard if you suffer from anxiety.
• Gerund phrase as a subject:
Ex: Being rude to customers won’t earn you many tips.
• Gerund as a subject complement:  
Ex: His favorite activity is reading.
• Gerund phrase as a subject complement: 
Ex: The thing she hated most about school was getting up early.
2.2 Gerunds as objects
Gerunds and gerund phrases can be used as objects in sentences/clauses. They
can be used as both direct objects as well as objects of prepositions:
• Gerund as a direct object:
Ex:  Helena has mastered fencing.
• Gerund phrase as a direct object: 
Ex: They hate mowing the lawn. 
• Gerund as an object of a preposition: 
Ex: He quickly resorted to begging.
• Gerund phrase as an object of a preposition:
Ex:  Holidays are perfect for visiting family.
II. Present
participle
Function
 A present participle is a word that ends
“-ing,” is formed from a verb, and is used
as an adjective or to form verb tense.

Present participle can be used to express

the past, present, and future.
 1. Used in continuous tenses
e.g:

+ It is raining now. (Present progressive)

+ We will be studying Englisli at this time tomorrow. (Future progressive)

2. Used as an adjective
Having an active meaning and often describes things

E.g: It’s an exciting journey.

Don’t try to catch a running bus.

A flying bird is more watchful than a sitting bird.

He saw a sleeping cat yesterday.

3. Used after sensory verbs to
emphasize the continuity of action:
feel, hear, see, watch, smell

Ex: I saw him writing a letter.

I felt the ground shaking for about half a minute.

I heard my brother singing in the bathroom

4. Used in structure: S + V + O + V-ing
With following verbs: catch, find, spend, waste, leave,
have

Ex: + She left him waiting outside.

+ I won’t have him cleaning his bike in the kitchen

+ My boss spends two hours a day travelling to work.

+ Don’t waste time playing computer games!

5. Instead of a clause

* Independent clause in compound sentences

* Dependent clause in sentences

 5.1. Independent clause in compound
sentences
* When two actions occur consecutively
+The same subject
+ The action happening first is expressed by the present participle
+ The present participle must be placed at the beginning of the sentence

e.g: He washed his car and sang happily.

—> Washing his car, he sang happily.
* when the second action is the result or part of the first action
+ Expressing the second action with the present participle
+ Must not have the same subject as the first action

E.g: She put on her coat and went out.

—> Putting on her coat, she went out.
5.2. Dependent clause in sentences

* Relative clause: + the relative pronoun is the subject an

+ the relative clause is an active clause

e.g: The girl who lent me this book is my best friend.

—> The girl lending me this book is my best
* Adverb clauses of time

e.g: Since he left school, he has worked in a restaurant.

—> Leaving school, he has worked in a restaurant.

* Adverb clauses of reason: two clauses must have the same subject

e.g: Because he drove carelessly, he had an accident.

—> Driving carelessly, he had an accident
6. Used after some conjunctions and
prepositions

After, before, since, when, while, whenever, once, until, on,

without, instead of, in spite of and as.

Ex: She’s been quite different since coming back from America.
After having finished my homework, I watched TV.
 Practice

.
. Ex: Since we watch the news every day we know what’s going on in the world.
→ Watching the news every day we know what’s going on in the world

1. While she was tidying up her room she found some old photos.

2. As they didn’t have enough money they spent their holidays at home last year.
3. Comparison between
Gerund & Present
Participle:

-
 * Common: V-ing formation
* Differences:
Gerund Present Participle
Function: Gerund works as both Noun and Function: Present Participle works as both
Verb but actually it is Noun Adjective and Verb but actually it is Adjective
Gerund can be followed by a verb Present Participle isn’t followed by a verb, it is
- Walking in the morning is good for health. followed by the subject of the sentence.
- Riding a horse is my passionate hobby. - Walking a long way, I found the shop.
- Riding a horse, he went to a distant place.
A v-ing is Gerund if it is placed after a A V-ing is Present participle if it is placed after
transitive verb. an intransitive verb.
Ex: He started teaching Hamlet Ex: The rain came pouring down in torrents
 
Easy formula for identification of Transitive Easy formula for identification of Intransitive
Verb: verb:
A transitive verb can be followed by it A transitive verb can be followed by here,
Ex; I like it. Avoid it. Start it. Stop it. Enjoy it. there
Ex: Come here. Go there.
 * Common: V-ing formation
* Differences:
Gerund Present Participle
Function: Gerund works as both Noun and Verb but Function: Present Participle works as both Adjective
actually it is Noun and Verb but actually it is Adjective
Preposition+ V-ing Objective + V-ing
Possessive + V-ing This/that/all + V-ing
Ex: By working hard, you can prosper in life. Ex: I found him sleeping.
There is no credit in earning money illegally. Please oblige me by all leaving the room.
A V-ing is Gerund if it is used as complement. (reading, A V-ing is Present Participle if it is used as complement
walking, waiting, riding, teaching, gardening) and works as Adjective.
Ex: My favourite activity is reading. Ex: The scenery looks charming
His hobby is gardening. It is interesting.
The story was thrilling.
A V-ing in a compound Noun is Gerund But it is Present Participle when
Ex : a sleeping room. ( A room for sleeping) I helped a drowning man. ( A drowning man = A
a writing table. ( A table for writing) man who is drowning, NOT a man for drowning)
A V-ing in any Continuous Tense is Present Participle.
Ex: I am going there.
They are working now.
Practice
I. Decide whether the underlined –ing word is acting like a noun, part of a
verb, or an adjective.

1. What an amazing movie! I want to watch it again!

2. Speaking English well takes a long time. gerund

3. He cares about getting a good job. gerund

4. Shh! I am trying to sleep. verb

5. My friends and I were sitting in a café and talking. verb

6. The directions were very confusing. adjective

7. They have been studying for a long time and want to take a break. verb

8. She loves traveling. gerund

Practice

2. Point out the present participles and gerunds in the

following sentences

Smoking – Gerund (object of the preposition by)

1. He has ruined his lungs by smoking.
Asking – Gerund (subject of the
2. Asking questions is easier than answering them. verb is)

3. We saw a clown standing on his head. Standing – participle (used like an adjective
qualifying the noun clown)
4. He hates spending money. Spending – gerund

5. Waving their hands, the spectators cheered the Waving – participle

runners.
B. Clause types
 7 types
No Clause types Examples

1 SVA She is in the room.

S V A

2 SVCs He is a singer.
S V Cs

3 SVOd They are eating an apples.

S V Od

4 SVOdA I put the plate on the table.

S V Od A

5 SVOdCo We have proved him wrong.

S V Od Co

6 SVOiOd She gives me expensive presents.

S V Oi Od

7 SV They are dancing.

S V
 [Link] adverbials
The patterns can be expanded by the addition of various optional adverbials.

For example :

SV : (Sometimes) she sings (beautifully)

(A) S V (A)

SVA : (In American) most students are (now) on vacation.

(A) S V (A) A

SVOiOd : She (kindly) sent us some photographs.

S (A) V Oi Od
 [Link] relations
One way of distinguishing the various clause types is by means of 'transformational' relations, or
relations of grammatical paraphrase.

Passive clauses :

Ex : Many critics disliked the play. [S V Od]

<-> The play was disliked (by many critics). [S Vpass (A)]

My father gave me this watch. [S V Oi Od]

I was given this watch by my father. [S Vpass Od (A)] (more common)

This watch was given me by my father. [S Vpass Oi (A)]

There is sometimes equivalence between types SV, SVCs, and SVA :

* SV ↔ SVCs
The baby is sleeping ↔ The baby is asleep

* SV ↔ SVA
He hurried ↔ He went fast

* SVCs ↔ SVA
He is jobless ↔ He is without a job
Indicate of the following clause types the
sentences below belong:

1. George's father greeted the headmaster.

2. The headmaster put George into the second class.
3. That made Stanley angry.
4. He was really a lawyer.
5. Has all this food been paid for?
6. The prisoner was found guilty.
7. His children were found a suitable school.
8. People are killed on the roads every day.

Exercise
2.3 Intensive
relationship

CLAUSE TYPES
 CLAUSE TYPES
SVOC infinitive or that - clause

I imagined her beautiful ↔ I imagined her to be beautiful

I imagined that she was beautiful

INTENSIVE
CLAUSE
 CLAUSE TYPES
SVOC infinitive or that - clause

SVOC clause = SVC clause

My farther// paints// my bedroom //blue

S V Od Co
My bedroom// is// blue
S V Cs

INTENSIVE
CLAUSE
 CLAUSE TYPES
SVOC infinitive or that - clause

SVOC clause = SVC clause

Intensive verbs

Be (am, is, are, was, and so on) , look , appear, become

remain, taste, feel, seem, smell,grow, sound.

INTENSIVE
CLAUSE
 SVOC infinitive or that - clause CLAUSE TYPES
SVOC clause and SVC clause

Intensive verbs

SVOA clause and SVA clause

I //put// an apple// on the table
S V Od A
 An apple// is //on the table
S V A

INTENSIVE
CLAUSE
 SVOC infinitive or that - clause CLAUSE TYPES
SVOC clause and SVC clause

Intensive verbs

SVA clause and SVOA clause

SVOO clauses  SVOA clauses

She sent Jim a card ↔ She sent a card to Jim
She left Jim a card ↔ She left a card for Jim

I’ll play you a game of chess ↔ I’ll play a game of chess

INTENSIVE with/against you
She asked Jim a favour↔ She asked a favour of Jim
CLAUSE
Supply a prepositional phrase which could replace the indirect object in each of the
following sentences:

1. An aunt of mine left me an apple

2. May I ask you a great favour?
3. I gave Lan a book

Exercise
Supply a prepositional phrase which could replace the indirect object in each of the
following sentences:

1. An aunt of mine left me an apple => An aunt of mine

left an apple for me
2. May I ask you a great favour? => May I ask a great favour
of you
3. I gave Lan a book => I gave a book to Lan

Exercise
 2.4 Multiple class
membership of verbs

Clause types
Multiple class
membership of
verbs

SVC: He's getting angry

SVA: He got through the window

“GET” SVO: He'll get a surprise

SVOC: He got his shoes and socks wet
SVOA: He got himself into trouble
SVOO: He got her a splendid present

Clause types
PRACTICE