QBM 101 Business Statistics
Department of Business Studies
Faculty of Business, Economics &
Accounting
HE
SUBJECT OUTLINE
Module 1: Introduction; organizing
and graphing data; numerical
descriptive measures
Module 2: Probability, discrete random
Variables; continuous random Variables and
the normal distribution
Module 3: Sampling distributions;
estimation; hypothesis testing
Module 4: Simple linear regression
MAIN TEXT
Mann, S. (2017).
P. Statistics,
Introductory
Global edition, John
Wiley & Sons.
ASSESSMENT
No. Item Weight Date
1 Test 20% TBA
2 Quiz 20% TBA
3 Final exam 60% 17-22 Jan 2022
• Open book exams
REQUIREMENTS
To gain a pass:
Achieve a passing grade in the final
examination, i.e. score a minimum
of 30 marks out of
60 marks
Attempt ALL areas of assessment;
and achieve a total result of 50% or
better overall
SUBJECT OUTLINE
Module 1: Introduction; organizing
and graphing data; numerical
descriptive measures
Module 2: Probability, discrete random
Variable (likely to change often) (biến)s;
continuous random Variable (likely to change
often) (biến)s and the normal distribution
Module 3: Sampling distributions;
estimation; hypothesis testing
Module 4: Simple linear regression
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statistics and types of statistics
1.2 Population versus sample
1.3 Basic terms
1.4 Types of Variable (likely to change
often) (biến)s and levels
of measurement
1.5 Cross-section versus time-series
data
1.6 Sources of data
1.7 Summation notation
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Statistics – numerical facts; the science of
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, as
well as making decision based on the analyses
Descriptive statistics (thống kê mô tả)
(organizing and displaying data) vs.
inferential statistics (thống kê suy luận) (use
sample results to make predictions about a
population)
Exercise 1: Decide whether descriptive
(D) or inferential (I) statistics is used for each
of the following statements.
1.A recent study showed that eating garlic can
decrease blood pressure. – I (just use sample to
make predictions)
[Link] is predicted that the average number of
cars each household owns will increase by 2
next year. - I
[Link] lecture attendance yesterday was 120. -
D
Population (all the elements) vs.
sample (a portion of (một phần
của)the population).
Census (điều tra dân số) (includes
every member of the population) vs.
sample survey (khảo sát mẫu)
(includes only a portion of (một phần của)the
population)
Representative sample (mẫu đại
diện): a sample that represents (đại diện)
the characteristics (đặc điểm) of the
population as closely as possible.
Random sample: each element of the
population has a chance of being selected,
eg. by lottery or draw
Sampling with (element is put back) or
without replacement (element is not
replaced). Constant p vs. varied p.
Element / member
(specific subject/object)
Variable (likely to change
often) (can assume (giả định) different
values) vs. constant (fixed value)
Observation /
(value of a Variable (likely to change
measurement
often) (biến)) of
Data set (collection
observation)
Exercise 2: Classify each Variable (likely to
change often) as discrete (D) or continuous
(C).
[Link] time it takes to complete an
exam. - C
2. The number of cars a person owns. - D
[Link] number of lecturer in a
university. - D
[Link] amount of vitamin C in an
apple. - C
5. The price of a textbook. - C
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Qualitative (định tính)/QL (categorical)
Nominal (name)
1 for male, 2 for female
0 for no, 1 for yes
Ordinal (order)
1 poor, 2 average, 3 good
1 most preferred, 2 second choice, 3 least
preferred
Quantitative (định lượng)/QT (numerical)
Interval (khoảng thời gian) (arbitrary zero)
Temperature, year
Ratio (định lượng) (natural / true zero)
Weight, height, number of students
MEASUREMENT LEVELS
Differences between Strongest
measurements, true Ratio Data level
zero exists
Differences between
measurements but no Interval Data
true zero
Ordered Categories
(rankings, order, or Ordinal Data
scaling)
Categories (no Weakest
ordering or direction) Nominal Data level
Exercise 3: State the level of measurement for each
question. (nominal, N; ordinal, O; Interval (khoảng thời gian), I, or Ratio
(định lượng), R)
1. Grade obtained by in an exam (HD1, HD2, DI1, DI2, CR1,
CR2, PS1, PS2, FL) - Ordinal
2. Gender (M, F) - Nominal
3. Temperature of a town in Malaysia - Interval
4. Marital status (tình trạng hôn nhân) – Nominal (single, married …)
5. Size of t-shirt (XS, S, M, L, XL) - Ordinal
6. Thickness of hair - Ratio
7. Number of students in a class - Ratio
8. The year a company was established - Interval
9. Hotel’s rating – Interval
10. Price of a laptop - Ratio
11. Size of drinks (short, tall, grande, venti, trenta) - Ordinal
12. Ratings of a new mobile game - Interval
13. Classification of students according to their major - Nominal
14. Number of questions in an exam - Ratio
Cross section data (different element but same
period of time) vs. time-series data (same element but
different period of time)
Internal sources (company’s
own files and records)
External sources (outside
sources,
e.g. handbooks and reports)
Surveys and experiments
Suppose a sample consists of five books, and the prices
of these five books are
RM 175, RM 80, RM 165, RM 97, and RM 88
The Variable (biến) price of a book: x
Price of the first book = x1 = RM 175 Price
of the second book = x2 = RM 80 Price of
the third book = x3 = RM 165 Price of the
fourth book = x4 = RM 97 Price of the fifth
book = x5 = RM 88
Adding the prices of all five books gives
5
x
i1 x i x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
175 80 165 97 88 RM
605
EXAMPLE 1-1
Annual salaries (in thousands of dollars) of
four workers are 75, 90, 125, and 61,
respectively. Find
(a) ∑x (b) (∑x)² (c) ∑x²
(a) x x1 x2 x3 x4
75 90 125 61 351 $351, 000
x
2
(b) (351) 2 123, 201
(c) 2011000
x
$123,
2
x1
2
x2
2 2
x
2
3 x
$123,
2
4 201, 000, 000
752 902 1252 612
5625 8100 15, 625 3721 33,
Example 1-2
The following table lists four pairs of
m and f values:
Compute the following:
(a) Σm (b) Σf² (c) Σmf (d) Σm²f
EXAMPLE 1-2: SOLUTION
We can write
m1 = 12 m2 = 15 m3 = 20 m4 = 30
f1 = 5 f2 = 9 f3 = 10 f4 = 16
(a) (b) (c) (d)
EXERCISE 4
(a) m 59
(b) f 2 2662
(c) mf
1508
(d) m 2 f
SUMMARY
Descriptive statistics (thống kê
mô tả) vs. inferential statistics
Discrete vs. continuous
Variables
Levels of measurement: nominal,
ordinal, Interval (khoảng thời gian),
Ratio (định lượng).
Summation notation
