Data and Computer
Communications
Tenth Edition
by William Stallings
Data and Computer Communications, Tenth
Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
Education - 2013
CHAPTER 1
Data Communications, Data Networks,
and the Internet
“The fundamental problem of
communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a
message selected at another point”
- The Mathematical Theory of Communication,
Claude Shannon
Technological Advancement
Driving Forces
Development
Advances in
of new
technology
services
Traffic
growth at
a high and
steady
rate
160
140
Average data rate per subscriber (kbps) 120
Other protocols
Web browsing
100
Peer-to-peer
80 Streaming media
60
40
20
January 2010 January 2011
Figure 1.1 Average Downstream Traffic per Internet Subscriber
Notable Trends
Trend toward faster and cheaper, in Today’s networks are more
both computing and communication “intelligent”
• More powerful computers supporting more • Differing levels of quality of service (QoS)
demanding applications • Variety of customizable services in the areas
• The increasing use of optical fiber and high- of network management and security
speed wireless has brought transmission
prices down and greatly increased capacity
The Internet, the Web, and Mobility
associated applications have • iPhone, Droid, and iPad have become
emerged as dominant features for drivers of the evolution of business networks
both business and personal network and their use
• Enterprise applications are now routinely
landscapes delivered on mobile devices
• “Everything over IP” • Cloud computing is being embraced
• Intranets and extranets are being used to
isolate proprietary information
Changes in Networking
Technology
* Emergence of high-speed LANs
* Corporate WAN needs
* Digital electronics
Emergence of High-Speed LANs
Personal
computers and microcomputer workstations
have become an essential tool for office workers
Explosive growth
of speed and
computing power
Two of personal
significant computers
trends altered LANs have been
the recognized as a
requirements viable and
of the LAN essential
computing
platform
Examples of requirements that call for higher-speed
LANs:
Centralized server farms
Power workgroups
High-speed local backbone
Corporate Wide Area
Networking Needs
Changes Growing use of telecommuting
in Nature of the application structure has changed
corporate
data traffic Intranet computing
patterns More reliance on personal computers, workstations, and servers
are
driving the More data-intensive applications
creation Most organizations require access to the Internet
of high-
speed Traffic patterns have become more unpredictable
WANs Average traffic load has risen
More data is transported off premises and into the wide area
Digital Electronics
The rapid conversion of consumer electronics
to digital technology is having an impact on
both the Internet and corporate intranets
Image and video traffic carried by networks is
dramatically increasing
• Because of their huge storage capacity digital versatile
disks (DVDs) are being incorporated into Web sites
• Digital camcorders have made it easier to make digital
video files to be placed on corporate and Internet Web
sites
Convergence
The merger of previously Layers:
distinct telephony and
information technologies and
markets Applications
Involves:
Enterprise services
These are seen
by the end users Infrastructure
• Moving voice into a data Services the
infrastructure information Communication
• Integrating all the voice and network supplies links available to
to support the enterprise
data networks inside a user
applications
organization into a single data
network infrastructure
• Then extending that into the
wireless arena
Foundation is packet-based
transmission using the
Internet Protocol (IP)
Increases the function and
scope of both the
infrastructure and the
application base
SourceSystem Destination System
Trans-
Trans- Destination
Source mission Receiver
mitter
System
(a) General block diagram
Workstation Modem Modem Server
Public Telephone Network
(b) Example
Figure 1.3 Simplified Communications Model
Table 1.1
Communications Tasks
Digital bit Analog Analog Digital bit
stream signal signal stream
Text Text
Trans-
Trans- Destination
Source mission Receiver
mitter
System
1 2 3 4 5 6
Input Input data Transmitted Received Output data Output
information g(t) signal signal g'(t) information
m s(t) r(t) m'
Figure 1.4 Simplified Data Communications Model
Transmission Lines
Capacity
The basic building block of
any communications facility
is the transmission line
Reliability
The business manager is
concerned with a facility Cost
providing the required
capacity, with acceptable Transmission
reliability, at minimum cost
Line
Transmission Mediums
Two mediums currently driving
the evolution of data communications
transmission are:
Fiber optic transmissions
and
Wireless transmissions
Transmission Services
Remain the most costly component of a
communications budget
Two major approaches to greater efficiency:
Multiplexing Compression
Squeezing the data
The ability of a number down so that a lower-
of devices to share a capacity, cheaper
transmission facility transmission facility
can be used
Networks
Itis estimated that by 2016 there will be
over 20 billion fixed and mobile networked
devices
This affects traffic volume in a number of ways:
• It enables a user to be continuously consuming
network capacity
• Capacity can be consumed on multiple devices
simultaneously
• Different broadband devices enable different
applications which may have greater traffic
generation capability
Networking
Advances in technology have led to greatly
increased capacity and the concept of
integration, allowing equipment and
networks to work simultaneously
Voice Data
Image Video
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Span a large geographical area
Require the crossing of public right-of-ways
Rely in part on common carrier circuits
Typically
consist of a number of
interconnected switching nodes
Wide Area Networks
Alternative technologies used include:
Circuit switching
Packet switching
Frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Circuit Switching
Uses a dedicated communications path
Connected sequence of physical links
between nodes
Logical channel dedicated on each link
Rapid transmission
The most common example of circuit
switching is the telephone network
Packet Switching
Data are sent out in a sequence of small
chunks called packets
Packets are passed from node to node
along a path leading from source to
destination
Packet-switching networks are commonly
used for terminal-to-terminal computer and
computer-to-computer communications
Frame Relay
Developed to take advantage of high data
rates and low error rates
Operates at data rates of up to 2 Mbps
Key to achieving high data rates is to strip
out most of the overhead involved with
error control
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
Referred to as cell relay
Culmination of developments in circuit
switching and packet switching
Uses fixed-length packets called cells
Works in range of 10s and 100s of Mbps
and in the Gbps range
Allows multiple channels with the data rate
on each channel dynamically set on demand
Local Area Networks (LAN)
LANs are usually
building owned by the same
typically a single organization that
Smaller scope, owns attached
devices
LAN
wireless LANs
switched LANs and
Internal data rates configurations are
greater than WANs Most common
The Internet
Internetevolved from ARPANET
Developed to solve the dilemma of
communicating across arbitrary, multiple,
packet-switched networks
Foundation is the TCP/IP protocol suite
Router
Standalone
Wide Area Network
Mainframe
(e.g. ATM)
Local Area
Network Router
Router
Wide Area Network
(e.g. ATM) Local Area
Ethernet Network
switch
Ethernet
switch
Router
Information LAN PCs
server and workstations
Figure 1.5 Key Elements of the Internet
Corporate
LAN
Residential
subscribers
Backbone Backbone
ISP ISP
Regional
ISP
Server
ISP Web
farm
LAN Regional
switch ISP
Regional
ISP
Server
Server
Corporate
LAN open circle = NAP
filled circle = POP
Figure 1.6 Simplified View of Portion of Internet
Table 1.2
Internet Terminology
Central Office (CO) Network Access Point (NAP)
The place where telephone One of several major Internet
companies terminate customer lines interconnection points that
and locate switching equipment to
serve to tie all the ISPs together
interconnect those lines with other
networks Network Service Provider
Customer Premises Equipment (NSP)
(CPE) A company that provides
Telecommunications equipment that backbone services to an
is located on the customer’s Internet service provider (ISP)
premises
Point of Presence (POP)
Internet Service Provider (ISP) A site that has a collection of
A company that provides other
companies or individuals with
telecommunications equipment,
access to, or presence on, the usually refers to ISP or
Internet telephone company sites
(Table can be found on page 51 in textbook)
ATM
WAN
Enterprise
network
(main campus) Enterprise
network
(branch)
IP
backbone
Public cellular
network
Residential Wi-Fi
Ethernet LAN network
Networking
icons:
Core Edge/aggregate Router Router with Ethernet ATM Wi-Fi access
router router firewall switch switch point
Figure 1.7 A Networking Configuration
Summary
Transmission mediums Trends challenging
Fiber optic data communications:
Wireless
Traffic growth
Development of new
Network categories: services
Wide Area Networks Advances in
Local Area Networks technology
Wireless Networks Data Transmission
Internet and Network Capacity
Requirements
Origin
Convergence
Key elements
