Chapter -3
Forces And Motion
Mass and Weight
Mass
• The amount of matter in a body
• Units : g, kg, mg
• SI unit : kg
• Mass is a scalar
• Mass of a body is the same
everywhere in the universe
• It is measured using
top pan balance, beam balance
Weight
• Weight is the force of gravity-
force with which Earth attracts a
body towards its center.
• SI unit : Newton (N)
• It is a vector
• Weight of a body is different at different
places in the universe
• Measured using spring balance or
Newton meter
Weight
• A mass of 1 kg is attracted with a force of 10 N
on the surface of the earth !
• A mass of ‘ m’ kg will be attracted with a force
of (mx10) N on the surface of the earth.
W = m.g
Mass, weight and gravity
Weight = m x g
(where m is the mass and
g is the acceleration of
gravity/Gravitational field
strength
g = 10 m/s2
= 10N/kg) on the
surface of earth
Mass, weight and gravity
‘g’ actually has two meanings:
g is the acceleration of free fall (10m/s2 on Earth)
Mass, weight and gravity
‘g’ actually has two meanings:
g is the acceleration of free fall (10m/s2on Earth)
g is the gravitational field strength (10N/kg on
Earth)
g is also called as acceleration due to gravity
(10m/s2on Earth)
Mass, weight and gravity
Weight = mass x g
(where g = 10N/kg)
W = m.g
Mass, weight and gravity
Weight = mass x g
(where g = 10N/kg)
W = m.g
Remember: mass doesn’t change – it’s
the gravitational force that may change
Mass, weight and gravity
Mass Weight
In space
1000kg Zero
On the
1000kg 1,600N
Moon
On Earth
1000kg 10,000N
Examples
1. Find the weight of a body of 60 kg on
a) earth
b) moon ( g on moon is one-sixth of that on
earth)
a) 600N
b) 100N
Examples
2. Find the mass of a body on the earth and on
moon, if it weighs 500N on the earth?
m = 50kg
What is a force?
A force is a “push” or a “pull”. Some common examples:
Forces are vector quantities
because they have both size
and direction.
Forces are vector quantities
because they have both size
and direction.
SI units
Forces are measured in
newtons (N)
Forces are vector quantities
because they have both size
and direction.
SI units
Forces are measured in
newtons (N)
Small forces can be measured
using a spring balance (or
newton meter)
Effect of force
• Force can change the speed of a moving body-
increasing or decreasing it
• It can change the direction of motion
• It can change the shape of a body-
compressing or stretching it
Only a force can change the state of motion of
a body
Types of Forces
• Weight
• Normal force
• Friction
• Air resistance
• Upthrust
• Tension
Weight
WEIGHT – Force of gravity on a body
It always acts vertically downwards
Normal force
A force exerted by a surface in contact with a
body
Always directed out of the surface and
perpendicular to the surface
Friction
• Force that opposes motion
• Exists between two surfaces in contact
• Friction always acts against the direction
of motion
Drag/Fluid friction
Friction that comes into play for objects moving through a
fluid.
Air resistance is an example of fluid friction for bodies
moving through air
Directed opposite to motion
Upthrust/Buoyant Force
Upthrust is an upward force exerted on a body immersed in
a fluid.
UPTHRUST – keeps things
afloat
Tension force is the force that is TENSION
transmitted through a string, rope,
cable or wire when it is pulled tight
by forces acting from opposite ends.
Tension force is directed along the
length of the string and pulls on the
object at the opposite end of the
string
Newton’s first law of motion
Newton’s first law of motion
A body at rest will continue to stay
at rest and a moving body will
continue to move with the same
velocity in a straight line unless
acted upon by an external force
Newton’s first law of motion
A body at rest will continue to stay
at rest and a moving body will
continue to move with the same
velocity in a straight line unless
acted upon by an external force
In space, where there are no
external forces, a satellite
will continue to move at a
steady speed in a straight
line …. for ever!
Newton’s First Law/ Law of inertia
• Inertia :
Resistance of a body to change in its
state of motion.
• All things have inertia
• Mass is a measure of inertia of a body
• A body with more mass has more inertia
Newton’s 2nd Law of
Motion :
Force, mass and
acceleration
Force, mass and acceleration
are related by the formula:
Force, mass and acceleration
are related by the formula:
ACCELERATION = FORCE /MASS
FORCE = MASS x ACCELERATION
F = mxa
Force, mass and acceleration
are related by the formula:
FORCE (N) = MASS (kg) x ACCELERATION (m/s2)
Newton’s second law of motion
F = mxa
Force, mass and acceleration
are related by the formula:
FORCE (N) = MASS (kg) x ACCELERATION (m/s2)
m x a
Force, mass and acceleration
are related by the formula:
FORCE (N) = MASS (kg) x ACCELERATION (m/s2)
Now some
examples we
must try!
F
m x a
Let’s Practice !
1. What is the acceleration of a boy on a skateboard
if the unbalanced force on the boy is 15N? The
total mass of the boy and the skateboard is 58 kg.
2. What force is necessary to accelerate a 1250 kg car
at a rate of 4 m/s2?
3. What is the mass of an object if a force of 34 N
produces an acceleration of 4 m/s2?
4. A car has a mass of 1500 kg. If the net force acting
on the car s 6750 N, what is the car’s acceleration?
Let’s Practice !
1. What is the acceleration of a boy on a skateboard if the unbalanced
force on the boy is 15N? The total mass of the boy and the
skateboard is 58 kg.
0.26 m/s2
2. What force is necessary to accelerate a 1250 kg car at a rate of 4
m/s2? 5000 N
3. What is the mass of an object if a force of 34 N produces an
acceleration of 4 m/s2? 8.5 Kg
4. A car has a mass of 1500 kg. If the net force acting on the car is 6750
N, what is the car’s acceleration? 4.5 m/s2
Let’s Practice !
5. A bicyclist decelerates with a braking force of
350N. If the bicyclist and bicycle have a total
mass of 100 kg, what is the deceleration?
6. The net force acting on a 5 kg discus is 49.1 N.
What is the acceleration of the discus?
7. A block pushed with a force of 13.5 N
accelerates at 6.5 m/s2 to the left. What is the
mass of the block?
Let’s Practice !
5. A bicyclist decelerates with a braking force of 350N.
If the bicyclist and bicycle have a total mass of 100
kg, what is the deceleration? 3.5 m/s2
6. The net force acting on a 5 kg discus is 49.1 N. What
is the acceleration of the discus?
9.82 m/s2
7. A block pushed with a force of 13.5 N accelerates at
6.5 m/s2 to the left. What is the mass of the block?
2.08 kg
Let’s get started !
• Find the total mass of a bag that contains
2 kg of apples and 3 kg of oranges.
5 kg
• Find the total force acting on a box when
two girls are exerting a force of 5N each
on it.
???
Vector Quantities have direction- they cannot
be added like scalar quantities
What is the total force on each ?
What is the total force on each ?
What is Net/Resultant Force?
F1
When more than one
force acts on a body,
F2 the net force
F3 (resultant force) is the
combination of all the
forces
Fnet
Resultant/Net Force
When forces act in the same line, we can just
add or subtract their magnitudes to find the net
force.
15 N 32 N
2 kg 10 N
Resultant/Net Force
When forces act in the same line, we can just
add or subtract their magnitudes to find the net
force.
15 N 32 N
2 kg 10 N
Fnet = 27 N to the right
Net/Resultant Force
How do we work out the resultant when the
forces are not acting along the same line?
Net/Resultant Force
How do we work out the resultant when the forces
are not acting along the same line?
To find the resultant in this situation we apply the
parallelogram rule.
Example 1 :
Example 2 :
Example 3 :
Example 4
Net force = 72.1 N
At an angle of 56.3 with
the horizontal
For Two forces perpendicular to each other, the
resultant is given by the hypotenuse of the right
angled triangle
Review of rules for finding resultant
force
• For two forces acting in the same direction, the
resultant is obtained by adding their magnitudes
• For two forces acting in the opposite direction, the
resultant is obtained by subtracting their magnitudes
• For two forces at right angles to each other, use
Pythagoras theorem to find the resultant
(hypotenuse)
• For two forces at an angle (not 90˚) use the graphical
method- parallelogram method
Mass = 3kg
Frictional force = 12N Motor force = 20N
What is the acceleration of the car ?
Mass =
3kg
Frictional force = 12N Motor force = 20N
Resultant force = 20 – 12 = 8N (to the right)
Acceleration = F / m
a = 8 / 3 = 2.67m/s2
Balanced forces
If forces are in balance, the
object behaves as if there
is no force on it at all
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Balanced forces:
• If forces are balanced , Net/Resultant Force = 0
• If the forces acting on an object are balanced then
the object will either
- remain stationary or
- continue to move with a constant speed in the
same direction.
Balanced or unbalanced forces?
What will A
happen in
each case if
the car is B
moving to
the right ?
C
D
Balanced or unbalanced forces?
accelerates
What will A
happen in
each case if
the car is B accelerates
moving to
the right ?
C Moves with
constant
speed
D decelerates
Free Fall
• Motion of a body in
which the only force
acting on the body is
the force of gravity
• Effect of air
resistance is ignored
Free Fall
• As a body falls, its
speed increases at a
constant rate
• In free fall, a body
thrown upwards
slows down at a A coin and feather
constant rate. dropped from the same
height, in vacuum, at the
• Acceleration of free same time will reach the
ground at the same time
fall is constant for all
bodies = 10m/s2
Falling with Air resistance
• In reality, air resistance is present
• Air Resistance depends upon :
Speed: As speed increases, air resistance
increases
Frontal surface area: Larger surface area,
larger air resistance
Falling with Air resistance
In the beginning,
the body has
acceleration =
10m/s2
Net force
decreases so
acceleration
decreases
Net force = 0
a=0,
Speed stays
constant
Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:
1) At the start of his jump the air
zero so he
resistance is _______
____ downwards.
accelerates
2) As his speed increases his air
increase
resistance will _______
3) Eventually the air resistance will be
big enough to _______
balance the
skydiver’s weight. At this point
the forces are balanced so his
constant - this is
speed becomes ________
called TERMINAL VELOCITY
Falling bodies
Determine the net force and acceleration of
this 83.3 kg skydiver at points A-D.
833-350=483 N 833-700 = 133N 0N
833N
5.8 m/s2 1.6 m/s2 0 m/s2
10 m/s 2
Using a parachute
----
Consider a skydiver:
4) When he opens his parachute the
air resistance suddenly ________,
increases
causing him to start _____
slowing____.
down
5) Because he is slowing down his air
resistance will _______
decrease until it
balances his _________.
weight The
skydiver has now reached a new,
terminal _______.
lower ________ velocity
Speed-time graph for the
Velocity Parachute opens –
sky diver diver slows down
Speed
increases…
Terminal
velocity
reached…
Time
New, lower terminal Diver hits the ground
velocity reached
Circular Motion
[Link]
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Moving in a circle :
Circular motion
• As an object moves
around a circle, its
direction of motion is
constantly changing.
• Therefore its velocity is
changing.
• Therefore an object
moving in a circle is
constantly accelerating.
81
Moving in a circle
• A force is needed to make
things move in a circle
• Without a force, objects can
move in a straight line
• Force that keeps a body moving
in a circle is called centripetal force
• Centripetal force is always directed towards
the center of the circle
82
Moving in a circle
• Centripetal acceleration is caused
due to a change in direction when an object
moves in a circle
• The centripetal (center pointing)
acceleration is always directed a
toward the center of the circle.
• Velocity (direction of motion) is
perpendicular to centripetal force and
centripetal acceleration
Direction of Centripetal Force,
Acceleration and Velocity
84
What provides the centripetal force?
Centripetal force is NOT a new “force”. It is any force
or a combination of forces that keeps things moving
along the circle
• Tension
• Gravity
• Friction
• Normal Force
85
Tension Can Yield a Centripetal Force:
86
Friction Can Yield a Centripetal Force:
87
Gravity Can Yield a Centripetal Force:
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