Science, Technology and
Society
Genetically
Modified
Organisms
Prepared by:
Bobis, Gervacio,
Reonisto, Taduran
GM
GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism
O
Genetically - Genetically refers to genes. Genes are made up of DNA,
which is a set of instructions for how cells grow and
develop
Modified - This implies that some change or tweak has been
made
it refers to all living things, including bacteria and
Organism -
fungi
- It is an organism whose genetic material has been altered
using genetic engineering techniques.
- GMOs are sources of medicines, genetically modified
foods, are widely used in scientific research & to produce
other goods
- The process of genetically modifying an organism have
been genetically engineered by RECOMBINANT DNA.
Recombinant DNA Steps of DNA
RECOMBINATION
is a process where DNA fragments
(gene) from an organism is inserted in a 1. Cut and isolate desired
bacteria’s DNA . The bacteria replicates DNA
the DNA causing mass production of 2. Ligate into vector DNA
desired gene 3. Insert into host cell
4. Grow host cell
Biotechnology
is an application of biology science to create products derived organism. It
seeks to scale up the technological aspects of agriculture. While genetic
engineering is a direct manipulation of genetic material through adding,
deleting, and modifying DNA. Genetic engineering is like and unlike
traditional breeding. Traditional breeding changes organisms of the same
and similar species. It works with the entire organism in the field. Genes
come together on their own and use the process of selection. However,
genetic engineering mixes genes from different species. It works with
genetic material in the lab. Directly create novel combinations of genes
and resembles the process of mutation
Uses • Human Gene Therapy
• GMOs have • Transgenic Plants
wide arrays (Crops)
of • Producing food quality
applications traits
in different • Research use
fields of • Microbes
Biology • Mammals
• Gene therapy is a collection of
methods that allows correction
Human of a gene defect that has been
diagnosed in a child/embryo.
Gene • Genes are inserted into a
Therapy person's cells and tissues to
treat a disease
• Genetically modified crops (or biotech crops)
Transgenic are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of
which has been modified using genetic
Plants engineering techniques.
(crops) • In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new
trait to the plant which does not occur
naturally in the species.
• GM foods are developed and marketed
because there is some perceived
Producing advantage either to the producer or
consumer of these foods.
food quality • This is meant to translate into a product
traits with a lower price, greater benefit (in
terms of durability or nutritional value)
or both.
• Genetically modified microbes can be used as vaccines to protect
against infectious diseases of animals, including man. Pathogens
that have been weakened by alteration of their genetic material,
or microbes that do not cause disease, can be engineered to
produce foreign antigens to stimulate host defenses without
Microbes causing harm.
• Genetically modified microbes can be harnessed as sources of
useful molecules, including enzymes to aid energy retention from
animal diets and insecticidal toxins to control crop pests and
vectors of animal disease. Knowledge of pathogen biology can
also be used to engineer animals or crops that resist disease.
• The majority of genetically modified mammals are used in
research to investigate changes in phenotype when specific
genes are altered.
• Genetic modification can also produce mammals that are
Mammal susceptible to certain compounds or stresses for testing in
biomedical research.
s • Other mammals have been engineered with the aim of
potentially increasing their use to medicine and industry. These
possibilities include pigs expressing human antigens aiming to
increasing the success of xenotransplantation to lactating
mammals expressing useful proteins in their milk.
GENETIC VS SELECTIVE
MODIFICATION BREEDING
> Very fast > Slow
> Precise > Imprecise
> Can introduce genes into an organism that > Modification of genes that naturally occur in th
e
would not occur naturally organism
> It can occur between to types of species > Occur between plant/animal of the same species
(Human -> bacteria) (Dog -> dog)
HISTORY OF
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
• Circa 8000BCE
Human uses traditional modification methods like selective breeding and cross- breeding to
breed plants and animals with more desirable traits.
• 1866
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, breed two different types of peas and identifies the basic
process of genetics.
• 1922
The first hybrid corn is produced and sold commercial.
• 1940
Plants breeders learn to use radiation and chemicals to randomly change an organism’s DNA.
• 1953
Building on discoveries of chemist Rosalind franklin, scientist James Watson and Francis
Crick identify the structure of DNA.
• 1986
The federal government establishes the Coordinated Framework for regulation of biotechnology. The
policy described how the US food and drug administration (FDA), US Environment protection agency
(EPA) and US Department of agriculture (USDA) works together to regulates the safety of GMO’s.
• 1992
FDA policy states that food from GMO plants must meet the same safety standards as food derived
from traditionally bred plants.
• 1994
The first GMO produce created through genetic engineering – A GM tomato—becomes available for
sale after studies evaluated by federal agencies proved it to be as safe as traditionally bred tomatoes.
• 1990’s
The first wave of GMO produce created through genetic engineering becomes available to consumers:
summer squash, soybeans, cotton, corn, papayas, tomatoes, potatoes and canola.
• 2003
The WHO and food and agriculture organization of the united nation develops
international guidelines and standards to determine the safety of GMO’s foods.
• 2005
GMO alfalfa and sugar beets are available for sale in the United States.
• 2015
FDA approves an application for first genetic modification in an animal for use as food, a
genetically engineered salmon.
• 2002
Philippines was the first in Asia to approves commercial cultivation of a GM crops for
animals feed and food in 2002 when its allows GM corn planting.
Controver si e s a n d
Ethics:
• Potential health risk (allergies, anti-biotic resistance, carcinogenic properties)
• Potential risk to the environment
• Total control of food supply held by large for-profit Ag-biotech Corporations
• Use of herbicides resistant crops leads to ingestion of herbicide by human that may pose
health risk
• Unnaturalness of the technology and tampering of mixing genes
• It is dangerous in some animals like insects that is still part of ecosystem
• It threaten crops diversity
Health Risk : Animals
• Many scientific data indicate that
animals fed by GM crops have been
harmed. E.g. rats exposed to GM
potatoes and soya had abnormal young
sperm.
• Cow, goats buffalo, pigs & other
livestock gazing on BT-maize & certain
biotech corn showed complications
including early delivery, abortions,
infertility & many more died.
Health Risks : Human
• Many companies do not accept the
direct link between GMF
consumption & human health
problems.
• E.g. Foodborne diseases such as soya
allergies have increased over past 10
years in UK & USA.
• Many villagers & cotton handlers
have developed skin allergies in
India
Environmental Risk
• Genes may escape & find their way into other
members of species or other species. Imagine
the trouble of herbicide-resistant genes found
their way into weeds
• GM crops could compete or breed with wild
species threatening biodiversity.
• Monogenetic crops may not react sufficiently
to environmental stresses, posing danger of
reenactment of Ireland's potato famine.
• Unintended harm to other species
Economical Issues
• Risk of patent enforcement which ay
oblige farmers to depend on giant
engineering companies such as
Monsanto for strains when their crops
are pollinated
• Patenting new plant varieties will raise
the price of seeds so high that small
farmers will not be able to afford seeds
for GM crops, thus widening the gap
between the wealthy and poor.
Philosophical and
Religious Concerns
• According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, public
acceptance trends in Europe and Asia are mixed
depending on the country and current mood at
the time of the survey (Hoban, 2004). Attitudes
toward cloning, biotechnology, and genetically
modified products differ depending upon
people's level of education and interpretations of
what each of these terms mean. Support varies
for different types of biotechnology; however, it
is consistently lower when animals are
mentioned.
Philosophical and
Religious Concerns
• Furthermore, even if the technologies are shared fairly, there are people who would still resist
consumable GMOs, even with thorough testing for safety, because of personal or religious beliefs. The
ethical issues surrounding GMOs include debate over our right to "play God," as well as the
introduction of foreign material into foods that are abstained from for religious reasons. Some people
believe that tampering with nature is intrinsically wrong, and others maintain that inserting plant genes
in animals, or vice versa, is immoral. When it comes to genetically modified foods, those who feel
strongly that the development of GMOs is against nature or religion have called for clear labeling rules
so they can make informed selections when choosing which items to purchase. Respect for consumer
choice and assumed risk is as important as having safeguards to prevent mixing of genetically modified
products with non-genetically modified foods. In order to determine the requirements for such
safeguards, there must be a definitive assessment of what constitutes a GMO and universal agreement
on how products should be labeled.
Positive Implications
• Increase yield with lower cost
• Decreased irrigation, deforestation and conversion
• Reduced production of greenhouse gases
• Reduced use of chemical insecticide since plants have their own insecticide
• Pest resilient (resistant to disease pest)
• Taste better
• Increase nutrients
• Farmers can grow and harvest more plant
• Give solution to the world hunger and food supply
Pote n t ia l G M O
Ap p l i c a ti o n s
Many industries stand to benefit from additional GMO research. For instance, a number of microorganisms are
being considered as future clean fuel producers and bio degraders. In addition, genetically modified plants may
someday be used to produce recombinant vaccines. In fact, the concept of an oral vaccine expressed in plants
(fruits and vegetables) for direct consumption by individuals is being examined as a possible solution to the
spread of disease in underdeveloped countries, one that would greatly reduce the costs associated with
conducting large-scale vaccination campaigns. Work is currently underway to develop plant-derived vaccine
candidates in potatoes and lettuce for hepatitis B virus (HBV), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and
Norwalk virus. Scientists are also looking into the production of other commercially valuable proteins in
plants, such as spider silk protein and polymers that are used in surgery or tissue replacement (Ma et al., 2003).
Genetically modified animals have even been used to grow transplant tissues and human transplant organs, a
concept called xenotransplantation. The rich variety of uses for GMOs provides a number of valuable benefits
to humans, but many people also worry about potential risks.
THANK
YOU!
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