EVOLUTION OF PROGRAMMING
MODELS
Evolution of Programming Languages
“Programming languages were developed to
facilitate communication between the user and the
computer.”
Programming Language Era
Machine Language
Symbolic Language
High – level Language
Fourth Generation Language
Machine Language
It is the only language that computer can
understand which consists of a string of ones and
zeros (1s and 0s)
It is machine-dependent
Computer ready to execute it
Symbolic Language
Assembly language/Language processor – it
enabled programmer to write instructions that used
symbols, words or abbreviations which stand for
certain operations
Assembler – it translate the assembly language into
machine language
It is machine-dependent
High – level Language
Compiler/interpreter – it is a special software
which act as language translator for high-level
language
It is machine independent
The use of high-level language means lesser time
in writing program
High – level Programming Languages
Some of the high-level programming languages:
Fortran (Formula Translation)
Started in 1954 by IBM Laboratory
It is a scientific language used in research applications or
analysis of problems in science, engineering and sometimes
in business
High – level Programming Languages
Lisp (List Processing)
Developed in 1958
Designed for the manipulation of symbols and patterns
One of the most popular languages for Artificial
Intelligence
High – level Programming Languages
Cobol (Common Business Oriented Language)
Developed in 1959 by USA Army
Designed for administrative purposes and among its
significant features are its file processing, editing, and I/O
capabilities
High – level Programming Languages
PL/1 (Programming Language 1)
Developed in the middle of 1960s by IBM
Characterized as general-purpose and procedural applicable
to business as well as scientific applications
High – level Programming Languages
Basic (Beginners All – purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code)
Developed in 1965 by John Chimney and Thomas Kurt at
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA
Described as conversational, procedure-oriented and
general-purpose programming language
High – level Programming Languages
Prolog (Programming in Logic)
Developed in 1972
A logic-language based on logical rewrite systems that can
support artificial intelligence and expert system
High – level Programming Languages
Pascal
Named after Blaise Pascal, a brilliant 17 th century
mathematician
Designed by Niklaus Wirth at the Institute fur Informatik in
Zurich (1971)
Intended as an instructional language
RPG (Report Program Generator)
Designed for programming business-oriented reports
High – level Programming Languages
ADA
Named after Lady Ada Byron
Conceptualized in 1974 by the US Department of Defense
for military applications
High – level Programming Languages
C (Successor to B)
Designed by Dennis Ritchie during 1969 to 1971
One of the most powerful languages at all times which is
very well structured, powerful, portable, and flexible
High – level Programming Languages
Smalltalk
Developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in 1972
An extreme object oriented language
High – level Programming Languages
C++(C + 1 in the C language)
Developed in 1985 at AT&T Bell Laboratory by Bjarne
Stroustrup
One of the most popular object-oriented languages
High – level Programming Languages
Java
Developed in 1994 by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
Combination of C++ and Smalltalk, developed to be as
portable as possible
Fourth Generation Language
It aims to make programming easier even to non-
technical people
Three categories of Fourth Generation Language:
Database and Query Languages
Natural Languages
Intelligent Languages
