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Diabetes Mellitus: Apt. Lelly Winduhani M.Farm - Klin

This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM) including its treatment goals, therapy targets, oral and injectable medication options, and treatment of DM complications. The main goals of DM treatment are to control blood glucose levels throughout the day, maintain normal growth and development in children, prevent hypoglycemia and minimize/prevent complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and use of oral medications, injectables like insulin, or combinations based on achieving HbA1c targets. Management of complications involves controlling blood pressure, lipids, microvascular issues, and use of specific medications.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
96 views30 pages

Diabetes Mellitus: Apt. Lelly Winduhani M.Farm - Klin

This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM) including its treatment goals, therapy targets, oral and injectable medication options, and treatment of DM complications. The main goals of DM treatment are to control blood glucose levels throughout the day, maintain normal growth and development in children, prevent hypoglycemia and minimize/prevent complications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and use of oral medications, injectables like insulin, or combinations based on achieving HbA1c targets. Management of complications involves controlling blood pressure, lipids, microvascular issues, and use of specific medications.

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Listia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Diabetes Mellitus

Apt. Lelly Winduhani M.Farm.Klin


Tujuan Terapi DM
• Pengendalian kadar glukosa darah sepanjang
hari  Goals Tx
• Menjaga pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
normal padaanak-anak
• Menghindarkan gejala DM
• Menghindarkan hipoglikemia
• Meminimalkan dan mencegah komplikasi
Target terapi DM:
• GDP ≤110 mg/dL
• GD2pp ≤140–180 mg/dL
• A1c ≤6.5%
Obat Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin Oral Anti Diabetes

Rapid, Short-Act, Intermediate Slow, Long


(lispro, regular) Act Act
(NPH) (glargine)

Insulin Biguanide Alpha-glucosidase Thiazolidinedione DPP-4


secretagogues Inhibitor Inhibito

SGLT-2
GLP-1
Sulfonilurea Inhibitor
Glinid
He althy e ating , we ig ht c o ntro l, inc re as e d phys ic al ac tivity & diabe te s e duc atio n
Mo no -
the rapy Me tfo rmin
Effic ac y * hig h
Hypo ris k lo w ris k
We ig ht ne utral/lo s s
S ide e ffe c ts GI / lac tic ac ido s is
Metformin
Co s ts lo w

intolerance or If HbA1c target not ac hie v e d afte r ~3 m onths of m ono therap y , p roc e e d to 2-d rug c om binatio n (ord er not meant to d enote
any s p e cific p refe re nce - choic e d ep e nde nt on a v arie ty of patient- & d is eas e-s pecific factors ):
contraindication Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin
+ + + + + +
Dual S ulfo nylure a Thiazo lidine - DPP-4 S GLT2 GLP-1 re c e pto r Ins ulin (bas al)
the rapy † dio ne inhibito r inhibito r ag o nis t
Effic ac y * hig h hig h inte rme diate inte rme diate hig h hig hes t
Hypo ris k mo de rate ris k lo w ris k low ris k lo w ris k low ris k hig h ris k
HbA1c We ig ht g ain g ain ne utral lo s s los s gain
≥9% S ide e ffe c ts hypo g lyc e mia e de ma, HF, fx s rare GU, de hydratio n GI hypo glyc emia
Co s ts low lo w hig h hig h hig h variable

If HbA1c target not ac hie ve d afte r ~3 m o nths of dual the rapy , proc e e d to 3-drug co m bination (order not meant to deno te
any s p e cific p refe re nce - choic e d ep e nde nt on a v arie ty of patient- & d is eas e-s pecific factors ):
Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin Me tfo rmin
+ + + + + +
Triple S ulfo nylure a Thiazo lidine -
dio ne
DPP-4
Inhibito r
S GLT-2
Inhibito r
GLP-1 re c e pto r
ago nis t
Ins ulin (bas al)
the rapy + + + + + +
TZD SU SU SU SU TZD

or DPP-4-i or DPP-4-i or TZD or TZD or TZD or DPP-4-i

or S GLT2-i or S GLT2-i or S GLT2-i or DPP-4-i or Ins ulin § or S GLT2-i

Uncontrolled o r GLP-1-RA o r GLP-1-RA or Ins ulin § or Ins ulin § o r GLP-1-RA


hyperglycemia or or Ins ulin §
Ins ulin §
(catabolic features,
BG ≥300-350 mg/dl,
If HbA1c targ et not achiev e d afte r ~3 m onths of triple the rapy and patie nt (1) on oral c om bination , mo ve to injectab les , (2) o n GLP-1 RA, add
HbA1c ≥10-12%) b as al ins ulin, or (3) o n optim ally titrated bas al ins ulin, add GLP-1-RA or m ealtim e ins ulin. In re fracto ry patients co ns ider add ing TZD or SGL T2-i:
Me tfo rmin
+
Co mbinatio n
inje c table Bas al Ins ulin + Me altime Ins ulin o r GLP-1-RA
the rapy ‡
Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-149; Diabetologia 2015;58:429-442
Bila pasien
kontraindikasi dengan
metformin
TERAPI UNTUK KOMPLIKASI DM
• Tekanan darah < 130/80
 ACEI,ARB, diuretik, B blocker, CCB
• Nefropati
 DM-1-albuminuria- ACEI
 DM-2 mikroalbuminuria –ACEI
• Dislipidemia- target
LDL < 100 mg/dL
HDL > 40 mg/dL(laki-2), 50 mg/dL (wanita)
TG < 150 mg/dL
• Antiplatelet – proteksi jantung sekunder
TERAPI UNTUK KOMPLIKASI DM
1. Terapi ketoasidosis
-Tubuh defisit cairan, Na dan K
- replacement cairan intravaskular:Lar. NaCl 0,5 – 1 L/jam
- Supplemen Kalium bila K turun < 3,5 meq/L
- IV/Infusi insulin – perbaikan metabolik
ditandai peningkatan bic– pH
do. 5 – 10 unit/jam
- Na Bic— bila pH < 7,1
 kadar glukosa darah – turun secara gradual---dengan cairan dan
infus insulin do.rendah
- Terapi Hiperosmolar nonketotik
rehidrasi
insulin
electrolit replacement
TX penyebab
!! Reaksi syok hipoglikemia
TERAPI UNTUK KOMPLIKASI DM
2. Terapi hipoglikemia
faktor predisposisi :
intake makan kurang (tidak makan, muntah,diare)
waktu injeksi-jarak makan
olah raga berlebih
intake hipoglikemik agent bersamaan
pengendalian glukosa terlalu ketat
Terapi
- anjurkan bawa tablet gula- permen
- tetesi larutan gula– bawah lidah
- oral glukosa
- IV glukose (D40)
TERAPI UNTUK KOMPLIKASI DM
3. Retinopati
- periksa mata tiap 6 – 12 bulan
- tahap awal – reverse dengan pengendalian glukosa
- retinopati – laser photocoagulation
- katarak – pengendalian glukosa ketat

4. Neuropati
Neuropati perifer
- gejala : parestesia, numbness, pain
- perbaiki pengendalian glukosa
- dosis rendah trisiklik antidepresan , anti konvulsan (fenitoin, gabapentin,
karbamazepin), topical capsaicin), Obat-obat NSAID
TERAPI UNTUK KOMPLIKASI DM
5. Gastroparesis
- metoklopramid, domperidon, eritromisin,cisaprid
- diare - doksisiklin, metronidazol
- konstipasi – laksan, stool softener

6. Genitourinary tract disorder


- sexual disfunction
- male : erectile dysfunction- impoten ( sildenafil, alprostadil
- female : insufficient lubrication (estrogen, vaginal lubrican )
TERAPI UNTUK KOMPLIKASI DM
7. Nefropati
- tanda mikroalbuminuri
- managemen HT dan albuminuri yang agresif
- ACEI, AIRA – walau normotensif

8. Diabetic foot ulcer


- faktor : neuropati, ischemi, immunologic deffect
- melibatkan polimikroba
anaerob: Bacteriodes fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella sp.
aerob : Proteus mirabilis, Streptococus, E coli, S. aureous
- Tindakan debridement, perawatan luka
Terapi :
- perbaiki kelainan vaskular, perbaiki sirkulasi-hemorrheologic agent
- pengendalian glukosa darah
- pengobatan infeksi - AB
AB : Amoksiklav, Fluorokuinolon + metronidazol/klindamisin
- Terapi oksigen hiperbarik
Pada kondisi apakah pasien DM
tipe 2 memerlukan insulin?
Regulasi Cepat Insulin
Biosintesis dan Sekresi
Insulin dibentuk
dipindah ke
di retikulum
endoplasma sel B aparatus Golgi

mengalami
bergerak ke pengemasan dalam
membran plasma granula berlapis
membran

Insulin melintasi
eksositosis lamina basalis sel
B

Butiran dalam sel B


menyimpan insulin dalam
bentuk kristal yang terdiri
masuk aliran
dari 2 atom Zn dan 6 molekul
insulin.
darah
Biosintesis dan Sekresi

• Dalam keadaan normal, produksi insulin


berkisar 90-97%, sisanya adalah peptida C
dalam jumlah ekimolar dan proinsulin
• Seluruh pankreas manusia mengandung
hingga 8 mg insulin, yang mewakili sekitar 200
unit biologis.
Schematic diagram of glucose-stimulated insulin release from B cell. Potassium (K +) efflux (A)
polarizes the B cell membrane and prevents Ca2+ entry by closing a voltage-dependent Ca2+
channel (B). When glucose is taken up by B cells, the metabolism of glucose is thought to inhibit
K+ efflux, thus depolarizing the cell and allowing Ca2+ entry (C). Ca2+ stimulates the secretion of
insulin-containing vesicles (D). ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine
monophosphate. McPhee, 2006
Rapid Acting Insulin
Macam Bentuk Rute Onset Durasi Kerja Contoh Produk Beredar
Sediaan
Lispro Larutan Subkutan 15 – 30 3 – 4 jam Humalog (Lilly)
menit Humalog mix 75/25 (Eli Lilly)
Humalog mix 50/50 (Eli Lilly)
Aspart Larutan Subkutan 15 – 30 3 – 5 jam Novorapid (Novo Nordisk)
menit
Glulisine Larutan Subkutan 15 – 30 3 – 5 jam Apidra (Sanovi Aventis)
menit
Inhaled Human Serbuk Inhalasi 15 – 30 6 jam Exubera Insulin
Insuline menit
Short Acting Insulin
Macam Bentuk Rute Onset Durasi Kerja Contoh Produk Beredar
Sediaan
Regular Larutan Subkutan 0,5 – 1 jam 3 – 6 jam Regular Iletin I
Regular Iletin II (Lilly)
Regular Purified Pork Insulin
Novolin R (Novo Nordisk)
Velosulin Human Br
Humulin R (Lilly)
Intermediate Acting Insulin
Macam Bentuk Rute Onset Durasi Contoh Produk Beredar
Sediaan Kerja
NPH Suspensi Subkutan 2 – 4 jam 8 – 12 jam NPH Iletin I (Lilly)
Humulin N (Lilly)
Novolin N (Novo Nordisk)
Insulin Zinc Suspensi Subkutan 1 – 2,5 jam 24 jam Lente Iletin II (Lilly)
Suspension Lente L
(Lente) Humulin L (Lilly)
Novolin L (Novo Nordisk)
Long Acting Insulin
Macam Bentuk Rute Onset Durasi Kerja Contoh Produk Beredar
Sediaan
Detemir Larutan IV secara 2 jam 14 – 24 jam Levemir
subkutan
Glargine Larutan IV secara 4 -5 jam 22 – 24 jam Lantus (Aventis)
subkutan
Protamine Zinc Suspensi Subkutan 4 – 8 jam 36 jam Prozinc (Boehringer
Insulin Ingelheim)
Suspension
Extended Insulin Suspensi Subkutan 4 – 8 jam > 36 jam Humulin U Ultralente (Lilly)
Zinc Suspension
(Ultralente)
Grafik Efek Insulin vs Waktu
Contoh Kasus
• Pasien Tn. Y usia 60 tahun BB 60 kg, dengan diabetes
melitus GDA 200, Hb A1c 8,0 %, dengan tekanan darah
140/100 mmHg, LDL pasien 250. mendapat terapi
sebagai berikut ? Hasil lab pasien : serum kreatinin : 3,0
terapi pasien :
metformin 3x500 mg
lisinopril 1x5 mg
atorvastatin 1x20 mg
Berikan komentar pada pemberian terapi diatas ?
Contoh Kasus
• Pasien Tn. Y usia 50 tahun BB 70 kg, dengan diabetes
melitus GDA 200, Hb A1c 8,0 %, dengan tekanan darah
140/100, , LDL pasien 250 mmHg mendapat terapi
sebagai berikut ? Hasil lab pasien : serum kreatinin : 1.7
terapi pasien :
metformin 3x500 mg
lisinopril 1x5 mg
atorvastatin 1x20 mg
Berikan komentar pada pemberian terapi diatas ?
Contoh Kasus
• Pasien Tn. X usia 65 tahun BB 60 kg, dengan
diabetes melitus GDA 400, Hb A1c 8,0 %,
datang ke rumah sakit dengan penurunan
kesadaran.
Hitung berapa regulasi insulin cepat yang perlu
diberikan ?
Contoh Kasus
• Pasien Ny. N usia 65 tahun BB 60 kg, dengan
diabetes melitus GDA 350, Hb A1c 8,0 %,
datang ke rumah sakit dengan penurunan
kesadaran.
Hitung berapa regualasi insulin cepat yang perlu
diberikan ?
Contoh Kasus
• Pasien Ny. L usia 65 tahun BB 60 kg, dengan
diabetes melitus Hb A1c 9,0 %, Menebus
resep obat di apotek
acarbose 3x100 mg (90 tab) , metformin 3x500
mg (90 tab), novorapid 3x10 unit (3 pen)
Bagaimana konseling yg diberikan kepada pasien
30

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