CHEMISTRY A+
AGATHUM, U CAN
DO IT!!!!
CHAPTER 7: ACID AND BASES
3rd FEBRUARY 2021 1
WHAT ARE WE GOING TO REVISE
TODAY?
Meaning of acid and the example of strong acid and
weak acid
Meaning of alkali and the example of strong alkali and
weak alkali
The strength of acids and alkalis
Chemical properties of acid and alkali
Numerical problems involving neutralisation
What is an acid ?
an acid is a chemical substance
which ionises in water to produce
hydrogen ions, h+
Arrhenius
3
Acids in daily life
STRONG ACID
Nitric acid, HNO3
Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Can you give example of 4
weak acid?
Monoprotic Acid
Examples : HCl , HNO3
* Monoprotic acid produces one mole of hydrogen
ion when it ionises in water.
Diprotic Acid
Examples : H2SO4
* Diprotic acid produces two moles of hydrogen ions
when it ionises in water.
Acid Ethanoic Hydrochloric Sulphuric acid
acid acid
pH value 3 2 1
Type of Organic acid Mineral Acid
acid
Strength of Weak acid Strong acid Strong acid
acid
Degree of Ionise Ionise completely in water
ionisation partially
Basicity Monoprotic Monoprotic Diprotic
Concentrat Low High Higher or double than
ion of HCl acid
hydrogen
ion
Thermo- Heat of -57 kJmol-1 -114/higher
chemistry neutralizatio
n lower 6
Rate of Low High Higher than HCI
Reaction
A chemical substance which ionises Bases
in water to produce hydroxide ions,
OH-
Examples of bases:
Metal oxide, eg; ZnO, CuO, CaO ALKALI
Metal hydroxide, eg; zinc
hydroxide, ZnOH
A base that is
Most bases are not soluble in soluble in
water water
Bases which dissolve in water is called alkalis
WEAK ALKALI
strong alkalis
Sodium hydroxide pellets Ammonia
H2O NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
NaOH → Na+ + OH- 8
Alkali Ammonia Sodium Inference
solution hydroxide
solution
pH value 10 14 A strong alkali is a
solution that has higher
pH value and a weak
alkali is a solution that
has a lower pH
Strength of Weak alkali Strong alkali Ammonia solution is a
alkali weak alkali, sodium
hydroxide solution is
strong alkali
Degree of Ionise partially Ionise completely Sodium hydroxide
ionisation solution ionizes
completely and produce
Concentratio Low High higher concentration of
n of OH- ions compared to
hydroxide ammonia solution .
ion (OH-)
9
Rate of Low High
Reaction
QUIZ
Define strong acid.
QUIZ
Define strong alkali.
QUIZ
Define weak alkali.
QUIZ
Define weak acid.
ACIDS & BASES
More acidic More alkaline
Strong Acid Weak Acid Weak Alkali Strong
(Low pH) (High pH) (Low pH) Alkali(High pH)
Ionises
completely in Ionises partially in
Ionises partially in Ionises completely
water - high water - low
water - low in water - high
concentration of concentration of
concentration of concentration of
hydrogen ions. hydrogen ions.
hydroxide ions hydroxide ions.
Eg: HCl, HNO3 , Eg: Ethanoic acid,
Eg: ammonia, NH3 Eg: NaOH, KOH
CH3COOH
H2SO4
Examples of acidic, alkaline and neutral materials in aqueous solution
STRONG ACID WEAK ACID pH WEAK ALKALI pH STRONG ALKALI
NEUTRAL pH 7
pH <2 2-6 8-12 pH >12
NaHCO3 sodium
H2SO4 sulphuric hydrogen NaOH sodium
vitamin C
acid (battery acid) H2O water carbonate hydroxide pH 13-
(ascorbic acid)
pH 1 ('bicarb', baking 14
soda) pH 8
HCl hydrochloric
CH3COOH NaCl sodium KOH potassium
acid (in the lab is NH3 ammonia pH
acetic/ethanoic chloride (salt hydroxide pH 13-
same as your 11
acid (vinegar) water) pH 7 14
stomach!) pH 1
fruit juices eg MgSO4 Na2CO3 sodium oven cleaner
HNO3 nitric acid oranges and magnesium carbonate (may contain
pH 1 lemons contain sulphate (Epsom (washing soda) NaOH) pH can
citric acid pH 2-3 salts) pH 6.5-7.0 pH 11 be >12
rain water (pH 5.5
C6H12O6 sugar pH
normal, down to toothpaste pH 8
7
3.5 when polluted)
C2H5OH ethanol
milk Ph 6 bleach pH 11
(alcohol) pH 7
Ca(OH)2 calcium
wine/beer pH 6 hydroxide
(limewater) pH 10
Mg(OH)2
magnesium
hydroxide ('milk of
magnesia') pH 10
ROLE OF WATER IN SHOWING THE
PROPERTIES OF ACID/ALKALI
TRY OUT QUESTION 1 (a) and (b)
Chemical properties of acids
18
Burning
wooden
Splinter
Alkali Lime
acid water
Acid Acid
Calcium
Metal carbonate
Reaction of acids with reactive metal
Produces salt and hydrogen gas.
Metal, M must more electropositive (upper part) than
hydrogen in the Electrochemical Series.
Chemical equation:
M + HX → MX + H2
metal acid salt hydrogen gas
QUESTION:
Describe one chemical test that can be used to identify the
presence of an acid.
Procedures:
1. Pour [2 – 5] cm3 of hydrochloric acid solution into a test tube.
2. Add magnesium powder into the test tube.
3. Put a burning wooden splinter near the mouth of the test tube.
4. Record the observation.
Chemical equations:
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
Observation:
Colourless bubble gas release. A “pop” sound heard
Conclusion:
Hydrogen gas produces
Other Metal: Magnesium strip, Zinc powder/strip
Reaction of acids with metal carbonate
Produces salt, water and carbon dioxide gas.
Chemical equation:
MCO32- + HX → MX + H2O + CO2
metal carbonate acid salt water carbon
dioxide gas
QUESTION:
Describe one chemical test that can be used to identify the
presence of an acid.
Procedures:
1. Pour 3 cm3 of hydrochloric acid solution into a test tube.
2. Add calcium carbonate powder into the test tube.
3. Pass through the gas liberated into lime water.
Chemical equations:
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Observation:
Colourless bubble gas release.
Lime water turns chalky/cloudy
Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide gas produces
Red
litmus
paper
Alkali ammonia
Alkali + Metal ion
Acid ammonium + alkali
Heat salt
Reaction of alkalis with ammonium salt
Heated and produces ammonia gas.
Chemical equation:
NH4+X + MOH → MX + NH3 + H2O
Ammonium saltalkalis salt ammonia gas
Observation:
Colourless bubble gas release;
Pungent smell
Reaction of alkalis with metal ion
Most metal hydroxides are insoluble in water.
The reactions of metal ions with the hydroxides ion
produce precipitation of insoluble metal hydroxide.
Chemical equation:
M+1X- + M+2OH- → M+1OH- + M+2X-
Concentration/ mol pH value
dm-3 Exp. I Exp. II
(Sodium hydroxide) (Ammonia solution)
0.1 13 11
Explain why sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution have
different pH value.
P1: Sodium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali while ammonia
solution is a weak alkali.
P2: Sodium hydroxide ionise completely in water to produce
high concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-
P3: Ammonia ionise partially in water to produce low
concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-
P4: The higher the pH value, the higher the concentration of
hydroxide ion, OH- 27
TRY OUT QUESTION 1 (c)
QUESTION 2(a, b, c)
CONCENTRATION ???????
29
Concentration of acids & alkalis
Is the Quantity of solute in a
given volume of solution
unit
for molarity
(mol
dm-3) or molar (M)
30
Relationship between concentration and
molarity
÷ molar mass
concentration Molarity
(g dm-3) (mol dm-3)
x molar mass
Refer to examples in text book page 124.
31
Concentrations of acids and alkalis
M = Concentration in mol dm-3 [Molarity]
V = Volume in cm3
1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
34
Preparation of standard solutions
A solution in which
its concentration is
accurately known is called
standard solution.
35
Dilution of solution
90 cm3
distilled water added
Only for dilution
M1V1 = M2V2 purpose involved
same solution
M1 = Molarity of original solution / mol dm-3
V1 = Volume of original solution / cm3
M2 = Molarity of the diluted solution / mol dm-3
V2 = Volume of original solution + volume of water added /cm3
Neutralisation – Acid Base Titration
Acid Alkali
+ phenolphthalein
Pink Colourless
Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
End point – the point in the titration at which the indicators
changes colour.
Indicator Colour in medium
Alkali Neutral Acid
Methyl orange Yellow Orange Red
Phenophthalein Pink Colourless Colourless
DO YOU KNOW THAT NEUTRALISATION IS
USED IN OUR DAILY LIFE ???
38
NEUTRALISATION IN DAILY LIFE :
1. Agriculture : acidic soil is treated
with CaO
1. Industries : ammonia solution is used to
prevent coagulation of latex
3. Health :
a) Baking powder (NaHCO3) is used
to treat bee stings
b) Toothpaste is used to neutralise
39
acid in the mouth
This formula involve acid
and base only
Acid-base Titration
TRY OUT QUESTION 1 (d)
QUESTION 2(d)
