Kinetics of Particles

ENGR 221
April 23, 2003
 Lecture Goals

• Energy
• Work
• Examples
 Work and Energy Methods

Work /Energy method is an alternative method of

solving the equations of motion of particles.
It combines the kinematics with Newton’s 2nd Law,
by integrating Newton’s law with respect to position.
(force as a function of position).
 Energy Method
P
Given a block with a force P
acting on it

F x  max  P cos     mg sin     R  max

F y  may  N  mg cos     P sin     0
 Definition of Acceleration

The acceleration is defined as

dv dv dx
a 
dt dx dt
 adx  vdv
s v1

 adx   vdv
0 0
 Energy Method
P
Substitute in

s s

  P cos     mg sin     R 
0
dx  m  ax dx
0
v1
v12
 m  vdv  m
0
2
 Kinetic Energy

The right hand side of the equation is known as the

“Kinetic Energy”

1 2
T  mv
2
The units in SI are Joules (N-m) or (English) ft-lbs
 Kinetic Energy

The energy is path dependent so that the tangential

acceleration can be used to find

dvt dvt ds
at  
dt ds dt
 at ds  vt dvt
 Kinetic Energy

The left side of the equation of forces can be modified

to use and the resultant of the integrations are scalar
values.
s v2

  P cos     mg sin     R 
0
ds   mvdv
v1

 v22 v12 
 m  
 2 2
 Work
Work done (U) by the force is the product of a magnitude
of P and the rectangular components of the displacement
in direction of the force d cos .
 
U  P  d - Scalar Quantities

 
dU  P  dx
 Pds cos   
 Px dx  Py dy  Pz dz
 Work
The work done by the system is defined as.
2
U12   dU
1

x2 y2 z2

  P dx   P dy   P dz
x1
x
y1
y
z1
z
 Work
If the constant force P
x2 y2 z2

U12   P dx   P dy   P dz
x1
x
y1
y
z1
z

x2 y2 z2

 Px  dx  Py  dy  Pz  dz
x1 y1 z1

 Px  x2  x1   Py  y2  y1   Pz  z 2  z1 
 Massless Springs

For a simple spring

P  k  l  l0   k
The work done by a spring is
2 2

U12   Pd   k d 
1 1

 2
 2
k k2 1

2 2
 Principle of Work and Kinetic
Energy
The principle of work and kinetic energy is defined as a
conservative system.

T1  U12  T2
  
initial kinetic work final kinetic
energy done energy
 Problem Solving Technique

To solve a particle dynamics problem with work-energy

method
Draw the free-body diagram of the object and
include all forces acting on the object.
List the forces and calculate the work done by each
force.
Determine the initial and final kinetic energy.
 Example Problem – Energy
A 45 kg block is slide a distance of 3 m
along a horizontal surface by a constant
force P = 200 N , incline 30o to
horizontal. The coefficient of sliding
friction is  = 0.30
1) Determine the normal and tangential forces the surface exerts
on the block.
2) Determine the work done by each force that acts on the block
as it slides 3 m.
3) Determine the total work done on the block.
4) Assuming that the block starts from rest, determine the speed
of the block when it has traveled 3 m.
 Example Problem – Energy

Draw the free-body diagram of

the problem, the block will slide
only in the x direction therefore

 y
F  N  W  P sin   0
30 o

 N   45 kg   9.81 m/s 2    200 N  sin  30o 

 N  341.45 N
 Example Problem – Energy

The force F is defined as

F   N   0.30   341.45 N 
 102.44 N
 Example Problem – Energy

The work done by the components

 
U  F s
 
 
Uw  441.45 N j  3 m i  0

 
 
UN 341.45 N j  3 m i  0

 
 
UF 102.44 N i  3 m i  307.32 N-m

 
  
UP 200 N cos  30  i  200 N sin  30  j  3 m i  519.62 N-m
o o
 Example Problem
– Energy
The total work done

U12  307.32 N-m  519.62 N-m

 212.30 N-m
This is the same as
U12    Fx   r 

 
 200 N cos  30o   102.44 N  3 m 
 212.30 N-m
 Example Problem
– Energy
The kinetic energy(initially) is zero,
so

T1  U12  T2
0  212.3 N-m   22.5 kg  v 2
2

 v2  3.07 m/s
 Example Problem
– Energy
The kinetic energy(initially) is zero,
so
T1  U12  T2
This is the same as

1 2 1
T2  mv2   45 kg  v2
2

2 2
 22.5 kg v22
 Class Problem – Energy
An automobile weighing 4000 lb
is driven down a 5o incline at a
speed of 60 mph when the brakes
are applied, causing a constant
total braking force (applied by
the road on the tires) of 1500 lb.
Determine the distance traveled
by the automobile as it comes to
a stop.
 Class Problem – Energy
Draw the free-body diagram of
the problem
 Example Problem – Work
A bushing slides on a shaft that
forms a 30o angle with respect to
the x axis. It is acted on by a
constant force
  
F  2i  3 j N

Determine the work the force

performs on the bushing in the time
the bushing slides 3 m along the
shaft.
 Example Problem – Work
To compute the U1--> 2 Use the
integral of the path. So

  
  cos  30  i  sin  30  j
o o

3 1 
 i j
2 2
 Example Problem – Work
To compute the U1--> 2 Use the integral of the path.
So 2 3 m  

 dU   F  d 
1 0
3m
 3  1 
 
 
 2i  3 j N   i  j  ds
0  2 2 
3m
  3  1 
   2      3    ds
0   2   2  
 Example Problem – Work
To compute the U1--> 2 Use the integral of the path.
So
2 3m
  3 1  3m

 dU    2      3    ds   3.232 N   ds
1 0   2   2   0

  3.232 N   3.0 m   9.70 N-m

 9.70 Joules
 Example Problem – Energy
A mechanical system consists of a block
of mass mA = 6 slugs on an incline plane
of angle 30o to horizontal. Block A is
connected by a light cord that passes
over a frictionless, massless pulley to a
second block B of mass mB = 4 slugs
which hangs vertically.
1) Determine the total work done by all forces that act on the
system during the time block B drops 5 ft..
2) Assume that the blocks start from rest and that block A
remains on the plane. Determine the speed of the blocks
when block B has dropped 5 ft.
 Example Problem – Energy

Draw the free-body diagram of the

problem and determine the forces in
x direction.

 y
F  N   6 slugs  32.2 ft/s 2
   0
cos 30 o

 N  167.3 lb

The friction force is

F   N  0.1 167.3 lb 
 16.73 lb
 Example Problem – Energy
The work on done by the tension T
is the negative of the work done by
that of block B, the net work done by
T is zero. The work of the system is

 
 
U T1  T i  5 ft i  5T ft-lb

 
 
U T2  T j  5 ft j  5T ft-lb
 Example Problem – Energy
The other components of work are

 
 
U 6 slug    6 slug   32.2 ft/s 2  sin  30o 
i  5 ft i  483 ft-lb

 
 
U F  16.73 lb i  5 ft i  83.65 ft-lb

 
 
U 4 slug    4 slug   32.2 ft/s  j  5 ft j  644 ft-lb
2

The final work done is

U12  483 ft-lb  83.65 ft-lb  644 ft-lb
 77.35 ft-lb
 Example Problem – Energy
The initial kinetic energy is zero and
the final

T1  U12  T2
1 2
0  77.35 ft-lb  mv
2
1
 6 slug  4 slug   77.35 ft-lb
v 2

2
 v  3.93 ft/s
 Class Problem – Energy
Two blocks are joined by an
inextensible cable. If the system
is released from rest, determine
the velocity of block A after it is
moved 2 m. Assume the 
equals 0.25 between block A and
the plane and that the pulley is
weightless and frictionless.
 Class Problem – Energy

The free-body diagram of the problem

 Class Problem – Energy
Hockey player Stephan Yelle of
Colorado Avalanche takes a slapshot on
goal. The puck leaves his stick at a
speed of 120 km/h and slides on the ice.
The goalie stops the puck with his stick
after the puck has traveled 12 m.

1) If the coefficient of friction between the puck and the ice is

k=0.01 use the law of kinetic energy to calculate the speed
the puck when it strikes the goalie’s stick.
2) The ice rink maintenance person accidentally turns off the ice
chiller. As a consequence, the ice surface became slushy,
increasing the coefficient of friction to 0.10. What is the
speed which the puck strike the goalie’s stick under this
condition
 Homework
Problems:
17-3, 17-5, 17-7, 17-9, 17-12, 17-14
 Bonus Problem – Energy
A spring is used to stop a 75 kg
package which is moving down a
20o incline. The spring has a
constant k = 25 kN/m and is held
by cables so that it is initially
compressed 100mm. If the velocity
of the package is 6 m/s when it is
10 m from the spring determine the
maximum additional deformation
of the spring in bring the package
to rest. Assume  = 0.20
 Example Problem – Energy
Draw the free-body diagram of the problem