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Standardized Test Prep

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 Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter 20

Table of Contents
Section 1 Electricity from Magnetism

Section 2 Generators, Motors, and Mutual Inductance

Section 3 AC Circuits and Transformers

Section 4 Electromagnetic Waves

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Objectives
• Recognize that relative motion between a conductor
and a magnetic field induces an emf in the conductor.

• Describe how the change in the number of magnetic

field lines through a circuit loop affects the magnitude
and direction of the induced electric current.

• Apply Lenz’s law and Faraday’s law of induction to

solve problems involving induced emf and current.

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction
• Electromagnetic induction is the process of
creating a current in a circuit by a changing magnetic
field.

• A change in the magnetic flux through a conductor

induces an electric current in the conductor.

• The separation of charges by the magnetic force

induces an emf.

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction in a Circuit Loop

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction, continued

• The angle between a magnetic field and a circuit

affects induction.

• A change in the number of magnetic field lines

induces a current.

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Ways of Inducing a Current in a Circuit

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Characteristics of Induced Current

• Lenz’s Law
The magnetic field of the induced current is in a
direction to produce a field that opposes the
change causing it.

• Note: the induced current does not oppose the

applied field, but rather the change in the applied
field.

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Lenz's Law for Determining the Direction of

the Induced Current

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Characteristics of Induced Current, continued

• The magnitude of the induced emf can be predicted
by Faraday’s law of magnetic induction.

• Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction

 M
emf  – N
t
average induced emf = –the number of loops in the circuit 
the time rate of change in the magnetic flux

• The magnetic flux is given by M = ABcos

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Sample Problem
Induced emf and Current
A coil with 25 turns of wire is wrapped around a
hollow tube with an area of 1.8 m2. Each turn has
the same area as the tube. A uniform magnetic field
is applied at a right angle to the plane of the coil. If
the field increases uniformly from 0.00 T to 0.55 T in
0.85 s, find the magnitude of the induced emf in the
coil. If the resistance in the coil is 2.5 Ω, find the
magnitude of the induced current in the coil.

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Sample Problem, continued

Induced emf and Current
1. Define
Given:
∆t = 0.85 s A = 1.8 m2  = 0.0º
N = 25 turns R = 2.5 Ω
Bi = 0.00 T = 0.00 V•s/m2
Bf = 0.55 T = 0.55 V•s/m2
Unknown:
emf = ?
I=?

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Sample Problem, continued

Induced emf and Current
1. Define, continued
Diagram: Show the coil before and after the change
in the magnetic field.

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Sample Problem, continued

Induced emf and Current
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation. Use Faraday’s
law of magnetic induction to find the induced emf in
the coil.  M   AB cos 
emf  – N  –N
t t
Substitute the induced emf into the definition of
resistance to determine the induced current in the
coil. emf
I
R
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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Sample Problem, continued

Induced emf and Current
2. Plan, continued
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown.
In this example, only the magnetic field strength
changes with time. The other components (the coil
area and the angle between the magnetic field and
the coil) remain constant.
B
emf  – NA cos
t

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Sample Problem, continued

Induced emf and Current
3. Calculate
Substitute the values into the equation and
solve.
 V•s  
 0.55 – 0.00 2 
 m 
emf  –(25)(1.8 m2 )(cos0.0º )   –29 V
(0.85 s)
–29 V
I  –12 A
2.5 Ω
emf  –29 V
I  –12 A
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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Sample Problem, continued

Induced emf and Current
4. Evaluate
The induced emf, and therefore the induced
current, is directed through the coil so that the
magnetic field produced by the induced current
opposes the change in the applied magnetic
field. For the diagram shown on the previous
page, the induced magnetic field is directed to
the right and the current that produces it is
directed from left to right through the resistor.

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Objectives
• Describe how generators and motors operate.

• Explain the energy conversions that take place in

generators and motors.

• Describe how mutual induction occurs in circuits.

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Generators and Alternating Current

• A generator is a machine that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.

• Generators use induction to convert mechanical

energy into electrical energy.

• A generator produces a continuously changing emf.

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Induction of an emf in an AC Generator

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Function of a Generator

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Generators and Alternating Current, continued

• Alternating current is an electric current that
changes direction at regular intervals.

• Alternating current can be converted to direct

current by using a device called a commutator to
change the direction of the current.

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Comparing AC and DC Generators

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Motors
• Motors are machines that convert electrical energy
to mechanical energy.

• Motors use an arrangement similar to that of

generators.

• Back emf is the emf induced in a motor’s coil that

tends to reduce the current in the coil of a motor.

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

DC Motors

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Mutual Inductance
• The ability of one circuit to induce an emf in a nearby
circuit in the presence of a changing current is called
mutual inductance.

• In terms of changing primary current, Faraday’s law

is given by the following equation, where M is the
mutual inductance:
 M I
emf  – N  –M
t t

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 Section 2 Generators, Motors,
Chapter 20 and Mutual Inductance

Mutual Inductance

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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Objectives
• Distinguish between rms values and maximum
values of current and potential difference.

• Solve problems involving rms and maximum values

of current and emf for ac circuits.

• Apply the transformer equation to solve problems

involving step-up and step-down transformers.

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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Effective Current
• The root-mean-square (rms) current of a circuit is
the value of alternating current that gives the same
heating effect that the corresponding value of direct
current does.

• rms Current
Imax
Irms   0.707 Imax
2

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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Effective Current, continued

• The rms current and rms emf in an ac circuit are
important measures of the characteristics of an ac
circuit.

• Resistance influences current in an ac circuit.

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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

rms Current

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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Sample Problem
rms Current and emf
A generator with a maximum output emf of 205 V is
connected to a 115 Ω resistor. Calculate the rms
potential difference. Find the rms current through the
resistor. Find the maximum ac current in the circuit.

1. Define
Given:
∆Vrms = 205 V R = 115 Ω
Unknown:
∆Vrms = ? Irms = ? Imax = ?
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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Sample Problem, continued

rms Current and emf
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation. Use the equation
for the rms potential difference to find ∆Vrms.
∆Vrms = 0.707 ∆Vmax
Rearrange the definition for resistance to calculate
Irms. Vrms
Irms 
R
Use the equation for rms current to find Irms.
Irms = 0.707 Imax
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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Sample Problem, continued

rms Current and emf
2. Plan, continued
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown.
Rearrange the equation relating rms current to
maximum current so that maximum current is
calculated.
Irms
Imax 
0.707

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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Sample Problem, continued

rms Current and emf
3. Calculate
Substitute the values into the equation and solve.
Vrms  (0.707)(205 V)  145 V
145 V
Irms   1.26 A
115 Ω
1.26 A
Imax   1.78 A
0.707
4. Evaluate The rms values for emf and current
are a little more than two-thirds the maximum
values, as expected.
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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Transformers
• A transformer is a device that increases or
decreases the emf of alternating current.

• The relationship between the input and output emf is

given by the transformer equation.
N
V2  2 V1
N1
induced emf in secondary =
 number of turns in secondary 
 number of turns in primary  applied emf in primary
 
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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Transformers

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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

Transformers, continued
• The transformer equation assumes that no power is
lost between the primary and secondary coils.
However, real transformers are not perfectly efficient.

• Real transformers typically have efficiencies ranging

from 90% to 99%.

• The ignition coil in a gasoline engine is a transformer.

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 Section 3 AC Circuits and
Chapter 20 Transformers

A Step-Up Transformer in an Auto Ignition System

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

Objectives
• Describe what electromagnetic waves are and how
they are produced.

• Recognize that electricity and magnetism are two

aspects of a single electromagnetic force.

• Explain how electromagnetic waves transfer energy.

• Describe various applications of electromagnetic

waves.

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light
and are associated with oscillating, perpendicular
electric and magnetic fields.

• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves; that is,

the direction of travel is perpendicular to the the
direction of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

• Electric and magnetic forces are aspects of a single

force called the electromagnetic force.

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

Electromagnetic Waves

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves,

continued
• All electromagnetic waves are produced by
accelerating charges.

• Electromagnetic waves transfer energy. The energy

of electromagnetic waves is stored in the waves’
oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

• Electromagnetic radiation is the transfer of energy

associated with an electric and magnetic field.
Electromagnetic radiation varies periodically and
travels at the speed of light.

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

The Sun at Different Wavelengths of Radiation

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves,

continued
• High-energy electromagnetic waves behave like
particles.

• An electromagnetic wave’s frequency makes the

wave behave more like a particle. This notion is
called the wave-particle duality.

• A photon is a unit or quantum of light. Photons can

be thought of as particles of electromagnetic radiation
that have zero mass and carry one quantum of
energy.

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from very long
radio waves to very short-wavelength gamma waves.

• The electromagnetic spectrum has a wide variety of

applications and characteristics that cover a broad
range of wavelengths and frequencies.

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

The Electromagnetic Spectrum, continued

• Radio Waves • Ultraviolet
– longest wavelengths – 400 nm to 60 nm
– communications, tv – disinfection,
• Microwaves spectroscopy
– 30 cm to 1 mm • X rays
– radar, cell phones – 60 nm to 10–4 nm
• Infrared – medicine, astronomy,
– 1 mm to 700 nm security screening
– heat, photography • Gamma Rays
• Visible light – less than 0.1 nm
– cancer treatment,
– 700 nm (red) to 400 nm
(violet) astronomy

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 Section 4 Electromagnetic
Chapter 20 Waves

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following equations correctly describes
Faraday’s law of induction?
( AB tan )
A. emf  –N
t
( AB cos  )
B. emf N
t
( AB cos )
C. emf  –N
t
( AB cos  )
D. emf M
t
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

1. Which of the following equations correctly describes
Faraday’s law of induction?
( AB tan )
A. emf  –N
t
( AB cos  )
B. emf N
t
( AB cos )
C. emf  –N
t
( AB cos  )
D. emf M
t
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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

2. For the coil shown at right, what must be
done to induce a clockwise current?
F. Either move the north pole of a magnet
down into the coil, or move the south pole
of the magnet up and out of the coil.
G. Either move the south pole of a magnet
down into the coil, or move the north pole of
the magnet up and out of the coil.
H. Move either pole of the magnet down
into the coil.
J. Move either pole of the magnet up and
out of the coil.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

2. For the coil shown at right, what must be
done to induce a clockwise current?
F. Either move the north pole of a magnet
down into the coil, or move the south pole
of the magnet up and out of the coil.
G. Either move the south pole of a magnet
down into the coil, or move the north pole of
the magnet up and out of the coil.
H. Move either pole of the magnet down
into the coil.
J. Move either pole of the magnet up and
out of the coil.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

3. Which of the following would not increase the emf
produced by a generator?
A. rotating the generator coil faster
B. increasing the strength of the generator magnets
C. increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil
D. reducing the cross-sectional area of the coil

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

3. Which of the following would not increase the emf
produced by a generator?
A. rotating the generator coil faster
B. increasing the strength of the generator magnets
C. increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil
D. reducing the cross-sectional area of the coil

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

4. By what factor do you multiply the maximum emf to
calculate the rms emf for an alternating current?
F. 2
G. 2
1
H.
2
1
J.
2

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

4. By what factor do you multiply the maximum emf to
calculate the rms emf for an alternating current?
F. 2
G. 2
1
H.
2
1
J.
2

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

5. Which of the following correctly describes the composition
of an electromagnetic wave?
A. a transverse electric wave and a magnetic transverse
wave that are parallel and are moving in the same direction
B. a transverse electric wave and a magnetic transverse
wave that are perpendicular and are moving in the same
direction
C. a transverse electric wave and a magnetic transverse
wave that are parallel and are moving at right angles to
each other
D. a transverse electric wave and a magnetic transverse
wave that are perpendicular and are moving at right angles
to each other

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

5. Which of the following correctly describes the composition
of an electromagnetic wave?
A. a transverse electric wave and a magnetic transverse
wave that are parallel and are moving in the same direction
B. a transverse electric wave and a magnetic transverse
wave that are perpendicular and are moving in the same
direction
C. a transverse electric wave and a magnetic transverse
wave that are parallel and are moving at right angles to
each other
D. a transverse electric wave and a magnetic transverse
wave that are perpendicular and are moving at right angles
to each other

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

6. A coil is moved out of a magnetic field in order to induce
an emf. The wire of the coil is then rewound so that the
area of the coil is increased by 1.5 times. Extra wire is
used in the coil so that the number of turns is doubled. If
the time in which the coil is removed from the field is
reduced by half and the magnetic field strength remains
unchanged, how many times greater is the new induced
emf than the original induced emf ?
F. 1.5 times
G. 2 times
H. 3 times
J. 6 times

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

6. A coil is moved out of a magnetic field in order to induce
an emf. The wire of the coil is then rewound so that the
area of the coil is increased by 1.5 times. Extra wire is
used in the coil so that the number of turns is doubled. If
the time in which the coil is removed from the field is
reduced by half and the magnetic field strength remains
unchanged, how many times greater is the new induced
emf than the original induced emf ?
F. 1.5 times
G. 2 times
H. 3 times
J. 6 times

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to 7. From left to right, what are
answer questions 7–8. the types of the two
A pair of transformers is transformers?
connected in series, as A. Both are step-down
shown in the figure below. transformers.
B. Both are step-up
transformers.
C. One is a step-down
transformer; and one is a
step-up transformer.
D. One is a step-up
transformer; and one is a
step-down transformer.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to 7. From left to right, what are
answer questions 7–8. the types of the two
A pair of transformers is transformers?
connected in series, as A. Both are step-down
shown in the figure below. transformers.
B. Both are step-up
transformers.
C. One is a step-down
transformer; and one is a
step-up transformer.
D. One is a step-up
transformer; and one is a
step-down transformer.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to 8. What is the output
answer questions 7–8. potential difference from
A pair of transformers is the secondary coil of
connected in series, as
shown in the figure below. the transformer on the
right?
F. 400 V
G. 12 000 V
H. 160 000 V
J. 360 000 V

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

Use the passage below to 8. What is the output
answer questions 7–8. potential difference from
A pair of transformers is the secondary coil of
connected in series, as
shown in the figure below. the transformer on the
right?
F. 400 V
G. 12 000 V
H. 160 000 V
J. 360 000 V

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

9. What are the particles that can be used to describe
electromagnetic radiation called?
A. electrons
B. magnetons
C. photons
D. protons

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

9. What are the particles that can be used to describe
electromagnetic radiation called?
A. electrons
B. magnetons
C. photons
D. protons

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

10. The maximum values for the current and potential
difference in an ac circuit are 3.5 A and 340 V,
respectively. How much power is dissipated in this
circuit?
F. 300 W
G. 600 W
H. 1200 W
J. 2400 W

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Multiple Choice, continued

10. The maximum values for the current and potential
difference in an ac circuit are 3.5 A and 340 V,
respectively. How much power is dissipated in this
circuit?
F. 300 W
G. 600 W
H. 1200 W
J. 2400 W

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Short Response
11. The alternating current through an electric toaster
has a maximum value of 12.0 A. What is the rms
value of this current?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Short Response, continued

11. The alternating current through an electric toaster
has a maximum value of 12.0 A. What is the rms
value of this current?

Answer:
8.48 A

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Short Response, continued

12. What is the purpose of a commutator in an ac
generator?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Short Response, continued

12. What is the purpose of a commutator in an ac
generator?

Answer:
It converts ac to a changing current in one
direction only.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Short Response, continued

13. How does the energy of one photon of an
electromagnetic wave relate to the wave’s frequency?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Short Response, continued

13. How does the energy of one photon of an
electromagnetic wave relate to the wave’s frequency?

Answer:
The energy is directly proportional to the wave’s
frequency (E = hf ).

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Short Response, continued

14. A transformer has 150 turns of wire on the primary
coil and 75 000 turns on the secondary coil. If the
input potential difference across the primary is 120 V,
what is the output potential difference across the
secondary?

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Short Response, continued

14. A transformer has 150 turns of wire on the primary
coil and 75 000 turns on the secondary coil. If the
input potential difference across the primary is 120 V,
what is the output potential difference across the
secondary?

Answer:
6.0  104 V

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Extended Response
15. Why is alternating current used for power
transmission instead of direct current? Be sure to
include power dissipation and electrical safety
considerations in your answer.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Extended Response, continued

15. Answer:
For electric power to be transferred over long
distances without a large amount of power
dissipation, the electric power must have a high
potential difference and low current. However, to
be safely used in homes, the potential difference
must be lower than that used for long-distance
power transmission. Because of induction, the
potential difference and current of electricity can be
transformed to higher or lower values, but the
current must change continuously (alternate) for
this to happen.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 16. Why must the current enter
16–18 on the information below. the coil just as someone
A device at a carnival’s haunted comes up to the table?
house involves a metal ring that
flies upward from a table when a
patron passes near the table’s
edge. The device consists of a
photoelectric switch that activates
the circuit when anyone walks in
front of the switch and of a coil of
wire into which a current is
suddenly introduced when the
switch is triggered.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 16. Why must the current enter
16–18 on the information below. the coil just as someone
A device at a carnival’s haunted comes up to the table?
house involves a metal ring that
flies upward from a table when a Answer: The change in current
patron passes near the table’s in the coil will produce a
edge. The device consists of a changing magnetic field,
photoelectric switch that activates which will induce a current in
the ring. The induced current
the circuit when anyone walks in
produces a magnetic field
front of the switch and of a coil of that interacts with the
wire into which a current is magnetic field from the coil,
suddenly introduced when the causing the ring to rise from
switch is triggered. the table.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 17. Using Lenz’s law, explain
16–18 on the information below. why the ring flies upward
A device at a carnival’s haunted when there is an increasing
house involves a metal ring that current in the coil?
flies upward from a table when a
patron passes near the table’s
edge. The device consists of a
photoelectric switch that activates
the circuit when anyone walks in
front of the switch and of a coil of
wire into which a current is
suddenly introduced when the
switch is triggered.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 17. Using Lenz’s law, explain
16–18 on the information below. why the ring flies upward
A device at a carnival’s haunted when there is an increasing
current in the coil?
house involves a metal ring that
flies upward from a table when a
patron passes near the table’s Answer: According to Lenz’s law,
the magnetic field induced in
edge. The device consists of a the ring must oppose the
photoelectric switch that activates magnetic field that induces
the circuit when anyone walks in the current in the ring. The
front of the switch and of a coil of opposing fields cause the
wire into which a current is ring, which can move freely,
suddenly introduced when the to rise upward from the coil
switch is triggered. under the table’s surface.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 18. Suppose the change in
16–18 on the information below. the magnetic field is
A device at a carnival’s haunted 0.10 T/s. If the radius of
house involves a metal ring that the ring is 2.4 cm and
flies upward from a table when a the ring is assumed to
patron passes near the table’s
consist of one turn of
edge. The device consists of a
photoelectric switch that activates
wire, what is the emf
the circuit when anyone walks in induced in the ring?
front of the switch and of a coil of
wire into which a current is
suddenly introduced when the
switch is triggered.

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 Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 20

Extended Response, continued

Base your answers to questions 18. Suppose the change in
16–18 on the information below. the magnetic field is
A device at a carnival’s haunted 0.10 T/s. If the radius of
house involves a metal ring that the ring is 2.4 cm and
flies upward from a table when a the ring is assumed to
patron passes near the table’s
consist of one turn of
edge. The device consists of a
photoelectric switch that activates
wire, what is the emf
the circuit when anyone walks in induced in the ring?
front of the switch and of a coil of
wire into which a current is Answer: 1.8  10–4 V
suddenly introduced when the
switch is triggered.

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 Section 1 Electricity from
Chapter 20 Magnetism

Ways of Inducing a Current in a Circuit

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