ROBO 112 – ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

• Tenth Edition

Chapter 17
R L C Circuits and Resonance

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 Chapter Objective

 RLC Circuit
 Impedance of series RLC circuits
 Voltages in a series RLC circuits
 Series resonance
 Impedance of parallel RLC circuits
 Sinusoidal response of parallel RLC circuits
 Currents in a parallel RLC circuits
 Parallel resonance
 Series-parallel RLC circuits
 Bandwidth of resonant circuits
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 Impedance of series R L C circuits

When R, L, and C are in a series circuit, the reactance of the

inductor and reactance of the capacitor tend to offset each other,
depending on the values. The total reactance Xtotal is

When XL>XC, the circuit is predominantly inductive.

When XC>XL, the circuit is predominantly capacitive.

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 Impedance of series R L C circuits

The total impedance (Z) for the RLC circuit is given by phasor
sum of the Resistance (R) and Reactance (jX)

In polar form, this is written

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 Impedance of series R L C circuits

Note: The circuit here will be used in several more slides.

Example
What is the total impedance for the circuit?

In polar form,

The circuit is now capacitive.

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 Impedance of series R L C circuits

Depending on the frequency, the circuit can appear to be

capacitive or inductive. The circuit in the example was
capacitive because
X C >X L

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 Impedance of series R L C circuits

Example
What is the total impedance for the circuit when the frequency is
increased to 400 kHz?

In polar form,

The circuit is now inductive.

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 Impedance of series R L C circuits

By changing the frequency, the circuit now appears to be

inductive because XL>XC
The frequency response of the series R L C circuit in the
previous slides can be plotted with the aid of a graphing
calculator.

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 Voltages in a series R L C circuits

The voltages across the R L C components must add to the

source voltage in accordance with K V L. Because of the
opposite phase shift due to L and C, VL and VC effectively
subtract.

Notice that VC is out of

phase with VL. When they
are algebraically added, the
result is shown using Green
coloured wave.

This example is inductive.

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 Series resonance

At series resonance, XC and XL cancel each other. VC and VL

also cancel because the voltages are equal and opposite. The
circuit is purely resistive at resonance.

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 Series resonance

The formula for resonance can be found by setting XC = XL.

The result is -

Example
What is the resonant frequency for the circuit?

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 Series resonance

Ideally, at resonance the sum of VL and VC is zero.

Example
What is VR at resonance? 5.0 Vrms

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 Impedance of series R L C circuits

At the series resonant frequency, X C =X L

At series resonance, the total impedance is only due to the

resistance of the circuit because of the cancellation of
opposite phases.

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 Series resonance

Summary of important concepts for series resonance:

• Capacitive reactance and inductive reactance are equal.
• Total impedance is a minimum and is resistive.
• The current is maximum.
• The phase angle between VS and IS is zero.
• fr is given by

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 Key Terms (1 of 2)

Series A condition in a series R L C circuit in which

resonance the reactances ideally cancel and the
impedance is a minimum.

Resonant The frequency at which resonance occurs;

frequency (fr) also known as the center frequency.

Parallel A condition in a parallel RL C circuit in which

resonance the reactances ideally are equal and the
impedance is a maximum.

Tank circuit A parallel resonant circuit.

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 Key Terms (2 of 2)

Half-power The frequency at which the output power of

frequency a resonant circuit is 50% of the maximum
value (the output voltage is 70.7% of
maximum); another name for critical or cutoff
frequency.

Selectivity A measure of how effectively a resonant

circuit passes desired frequencies and
rejects all others. Generally, the narrower the
bandwidth, the greater the selectivity.

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 Quiz (1 of 11)

1. In practical series and parallel resonant circuits, the total

impedance of the circuit at resonance will be
a. capacitive
b. inductive
c. resistive
d. none of the above

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 Quiz (2 of 11)

2. In a series resonant circuit, the current at the half-power

frequency is
a. maximum
b. minimum
c. 70.7% of the maximum value
d. 70.7% of the minimum value

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 Quiz (3 of 11)

3. The frequency represented by the red dashed line is the

a. resonant frequency
b. half-power frequency
c. critical frequency
d. all of the above

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 Quiz (4 of 11)

4. In a series RL C circuit, if the frequency is below the

resonant frequency, the circuit will appear to be
a. capacitive
b. inductive
c. resistive
d. answer depends on the particular components

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 Quiz (5 of 11)

5. In a series resonant circuit, the resonant frequency can be

found from the equation
a.

b.

c.

d.

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 Quiz (6 of 11)

6. In an ideal parallel resonant circuit, the total impedance

at resonance is
a. zero
b. equal to the resistance
c. equal to the reactance
d. infinite

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 Quiz (7 of 11)

7. In a parallel RL C circuit, the magnitude of the total

current is always the
a. same as the current in the resistor.
b. phasor sum of all of the branch currents.
c. same as the source current.
d. difference between resistive and reactive currents.

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 Quiz (8 of 11)

8. If you increase the frequency in a parallel RL C circuit,

the total current
a. will not change
b. will increase
c. will decrease
d. can increase or decrease depending on if it is
above or below resonance.

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 Quiz (9 of 11)

9. The phase angle between the source voltage and

current in a parallel RL C circuit will be positive if
a. IL is larger than IC
b. IL is larger than IR
c. both a and b
d. none of the above

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 Quiz (10 of 11)

10. A highly selectivity circuit will have a

a. small B W and high Q.
b. large B W and low Q.
c. large B W and high Q.
d. none of the above

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 Quiz (11 of 11)

Answers:
1. c
2. c
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. d
7. b
8. d
9. d
10. a

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