QSM 554

BUILDING SERVICES II
 To determine the sources of energy
 To analyze the best sources of energy
 Introduction
 Types of sources of electricity
 History of electricity in Malaysia
 Sources of electricity
 Hydroelectric
 Coal
 Nuclear
 Geothermal
 Solar Energy
 Tidal Power
 Electricity generation is the first process in
the delivery of electricity to consumers
 Main sources of electricity in Malaysia is
Hydroelectric
 sources can be divided into 2 groups:

 Renewable - an energy source that we can use

over and over again
 Non-Renewable - an energy source that we are
using up and cannot recreate in a short period
of time
 Rawang, a small mining town in Selangor
 Loke Yew and Thamboosamy Pillai, installed
an electric generator in 1894 to operate their
mines
 Sempam Hydroelectric Power Station in Raub,
the first power station in Malaysia, built by the
Raub Australian Gold Mining Company in
1900.
 1948 - Central Electricity Board (CEB) of the
Federation of Malaya
 22 June 1965 - National Electricity Board
(LLN)
 1 September 1990 - Tenaga Nasional Berhad
(TNB)
 1 September 1998
 sold 1,912 GWh electric in year 2000.
 Sarawak Electricity Supply Corp.
(SESCo)
 Sold 537,036,803 kWh electric in year 2000.

 Kulim High Technology Park di Kedah

 450 MW sold in year 2000
 DATE LICENCES
IPP LOCATION CAPACITY(MW)
ISSUE

Paka, Terengganu 808

YTL Power Generation 7 April 1993
Pasir Gudang, Johor 404

Segari Energy
Ventures Sdn. Lumut, Perak 1,303 15 July 1993
Bhd.

Powertek Sdn Bhd. Alor Gajah, Melaka 440 1 Disember 1993

Port Dickson Sdn. Tanjung Gemuk, Port

440 1 Disember 1993
Bhd. Dickson

Pahlawan Power Sdn. Tanjung Keling,

334 26 May 1999
Bhd Melaka

Genting Sanyen Power Kuala Langat,

720 1 July 1993
Sdn Bhd Selangor
 DATE LICENCE
IPP LOCATION CAPACITY(MW)
ISSUE

ARL Tenaga Sdn. Bhd. Melawa 50 14 June 1994

Serudong Power Sdn.

Tawau 36 31 March 1995
Bhd.

Powertron Resources
Karambunai 120 6 February 1997
Sdn. Bhd.

Stratavest Sdn. Bhd. Sandakan 64.4 1 October 1996

Sandakan Power
corporation Sdn. Sandakan 34 29 November 1997
Bhd.
 Syarikat Location Capacity(MW) Types of generators

Sabah Forest
Industries Sdn. Sipitang, Sabah 57.7 Public
Bhd.

Tanjung Berhala,
Perwaja Steel Sdn.
Kemaman, 9.5 Private
Bhd.
Terengganu

Pasir Gudang
Titan Petrochemicals
Industrial Estate, 56 Private
(M) Sdn. Bhd.
Johor

Lembaga Padi dan

Sekinchan, Selangor 0.2 Private
Beras Negara

Gas District Cooling

Sepang, Selangor 60 Public
(KLIA)

Gas District Cooling Kuala Lumpur City

12 Private
(KLCC) Centre
 Electricity produced by hydropower
 supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world
electricity
 water flowing through a dam turns a turbine,
which turns a generator, thus producing
electricity.
 the energy extracted from the water depends
on the volume and on the difference in height
between the source and the water's outflow.
 Economics
some plants now in service having been built 50 to
100 years ago
Operating labor cost is usually low since plants are
automated
sale of electricity from the dam will cover the
construction costs after 5 to 7 years of full generation
 Related activities
provide facilities for water sports, and become
tourist attractions
fish farm with relatively constant water supply
boats may be used to improve transportation.

 No pollution.
generates no nuclear waste nor nuclear leaks
 Environmental damage
can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic
ecosystems
changes the downstream river environment
many native and migratory birds have become
increasingly endangered

 Fish are endangered species

have reduced salmon populations by preventing
access to spawning grounds upstream
 Sediment build up and dam failure.
enemy bombardment during wartime, sabotage
and terrorism
the Banqiao Dam failure in China resulted in the
deaths of 171,000 people and millions homeless
 Population relocation
relocate the people living where the reservoirs
are planned
historically and culturally important sites can be
flooded and lost
 World coal consumption is about 5.3 billion
tonnes annually and 75% used for the
production of electricity.
 pulverized and then burned in a furnace
with a boiler
 furnace heat converts boiler water to steam,
which is then used to spin turbines which
turn generators and create electricity.
 Environmental impacts
contains high levels of uranium, thorium, and other
naturally-occurring radioactive isotopes whose
release into the environment leads to radioactive
contamination
A 1,000 MW coal-burning power plant could release
as much as 5.2 tons/year of uranium
 Coal mining
water drains from the mine, the acid moves into
the waterways
pollute streams by acidifying and killing fish,
plants, and aquatic animals who are sensitive to
drastic pH shifts

 Coal burning
 produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen
oxides (NOx) along with varying amounts of
sulfur dioxide (SO2)
 The sulfuric acid is returned to the Earth as acid
rain.
 cause of global warming
 Nuclear energy is produced by a controlled
nuclear chain reaction and creates heat
 used to boil water, produce steam, and drive
a steam turbine
 provided 6.5% of the world's energy and
15.7% of the world's electricity, with the
U.S., France and Japan together accounting
for 57% of all nuclear generated electricity.
 435 nuclear power reactors in operation in
the world
 31 different countries
Advantages of Nuclear Energy
 Relatively little fuel is needed and the fuel is

inexpensive.
 Fission is not believed to contribute to global

warming or other pollution effects associated

with fossil fuel combustion.
Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
 High initial costs.

 Waste products can be used to produce

weapons.
 Possibility of nuclear accidents.
 Geothermal energy is contained in underground
reservoirs of steam, hot water and hot dry rocks.
 Then converts the heat of naturally occurring steam and
hot water into electricity.
 3 types of power generators which are dry steam, flash
steam and binary cycle.
Geothermal Generation Process
Advantages of Geothermal Energy
- Very high efficiency.
- Low initial costs (since steam already present).

Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy

- Non-renewable (more taken out than nature can put back in).
- Highly localized occurrence.
Examples

Geothermal Power
Plant in Iceland

Geothermal Power
Plant in Philippines
 Solar electricity is created by using Photovoltaic (PV) technology
by converting solar energy into solar electricity from sunlight.
 Photovoltaic systems use sunlight to power ordinary electrical
equipment, for example, household appliances, computers and
lighting.
 The photovoltaic (PV) process converts free solar energy - the
most abundant energy source on the planet - directly into solar
power.
 In general, direct solar power involves a single transformation
and indirect solar power involves multiple transformations of
sunlight which results in a usable form of energy.
 Solar energy systems can either be connected to the national
electricity network (known as the Grid) or stand alone systems
for individual houses.
Solar Electricity Process
Advantages Of Solar Energy
- Readily available in large amounts.
- No associated air pollution.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

- Very high initial costs.
- Low energy efficiency (5 - 15%).
- Lack of adequate storage materials (batteries).
- Intensive use of land area.
- High cost to consumers.
- Significant thermal pollution.
   
Photovoltaic cells produce
electricity directly from sunlight
PV cells on the side of the
building generate electricity from
sunlight.
 A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic
energy in wind into mechanical energy.
 If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery,
such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is
usually called a windmill.
 If the mechanical energy is then converted to
electricity, the machine is called a wind generator.
 Wind turbines can be separated into two types based
on the axis about which the turbine rotates. Turbines
that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common.
Vertical-axis turbines are less frequently used.

horizontal axis Vertical-axis

Wind Generation Process
Advantages of Wind Power
- Supplements power in windy areas.

Disadvantages of Wind Power

- Highly variable source.
- Low energy efficiency (30%).
- Highly capital-intensive technology.
- More power produced than is needed when
wind blows.
 Tidal power, sometimes called tidal energy, is a form
of hydropower that exploits the rise and fall in sea
levels due to the tides, or the movement of water
caused by the tidal flow.
 caused by interaction between the gravity of the
earth, moon and sun, tidal power is essentially
inexhaustible and classified as a renewable energy
source.
 Tidal energy utilizes the energy released in crashing
waves, driven onshore by wind.
 It works on the same fundamental principle as the
water wheel. The difference in water elevation
caused by the fluctuation between high and low
tides is used to generate electricity by channeling the
water through a turbine.
Tidal power can be classified into two types:
Tidal stream systems

 make use of the kinetic energy from the moving water

currents to power turbines, in a similar way to
underwater wind turbines.
 This method is gaining in popularity because of the
lower ecological impact compared to the second type of
system, the barrage.
Barrages tidal power
 Make use of the potential energy from the
difference in height (or head) between high and low
tides, and their use is better established.
 These suffer from the dual problems of very high
civil infrastructure costs and environmental issues.

Power Plant
An artistic impression of a tidal barrage, including embankments,
a ship lock and caissons housing a sluice and two turbines.
Advantages of Tidal Energy
- Readily available source.

Disadvantages of Tidal Energy

- Intermittent tidal flow.
- Very high cost.
- Huge modification of coastal environment.
 Choices of types of electrical generation is
depends on sources available, technical skills,
safety and economic factors.