Plant
Tissues
Tissues
A group of closely associated cells that perform
related functions and are similar in structure.
Plant Tissues
Tissues in plants that divide throughout their life.
Plant tissues can be classified as:
Growing or Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
Permanent tissue
Meristematic tissue
Meristematic tissues
The growth of plants occurs in certain specific regions.
This is because the dividing tissue,
Known as meristematic tissue
Composed of actively dividing ceIIs, responsible for
the production of ceIIs.
Capacity for division is restricted to certain parts of
the plant body called meristems
Which are active throughout the life of the plant
body.
Meristematic tissues
Meristematic tissues
Kinds of meristems:
• Apical meristems – found at the tip of stems & roots
• Lateral meristems – a.k.a. cambia
- found along the sides of roots & stems
- increase width or diameter of stems & roots
- types: 1. vascular cambium 2. cork cambium
• Intercallary meristems – found at the bases of young
leaves & internodes
- responsible for further lengthening of
stems & leaves
Permanent tissues
Tissues that attained their mature form and
perform pacific functions.
They stop dividing
Types:
• Simple permanent tissues
• Complex permanent tissues
Dermal / surface tissue
Simple permanent tissues
- consist only of one kind of cells
A. Dermal / surface tissue
- external tissues
- forms protective covering of the plant body
a. Epidermis
b. Periderm
Permanent tissues
• Epidermis
- the outermost layer of the primary plant body -
covers the leaves, floral parts, fruits, seeds,
tems and roots
- generally only one layer thick with cuticle
- composed mostly of unspecialized cells, either
parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma
- contains trichomes, stomata, buIIiform ceIIs
(in grasses)
Structure of epidermis
Stomata
• Stomata - pores for gas exchange
- present on one or both surfaces of Leaves.
Cuticle
Cuticle – Lines the outer waII of the epidermal ceIIs
- made up of waxy material that protects
plants from desiccation
Cuticle
Layer of
the leaf
Trichomes
Trichomes – outgrowths of epidermal ceIIs
Periderm (Bark)
• Periderm (Bark) is the outermost layer of stems and
roots of woody plants such as trees.
Ground tissues
1. Parenchyma
- are the general purpose ceIIs of plants
- cells are rounded in shape & have uniformly thin
walls found in all parts of the plants.
- living at maturity, have large vacuoles
- location Ieaf, stem (pith), roots, fruits
Functions:
*basic metabolic function (respiration, photosynthesis
(chIorenchyma in Leaf) & protein synthesis)
*storage (potatoes, fruits, & seeds)
*wound healing and regeneration
Parenchyma
ChIorenchyma
2. ChIorenchyma - A specialized parenchyma tissue found
in the green parts of the shoot and performs photosynthesis.
- differentiate from parenchyma
cells & are alive at maturity
Functions:
Support & elasticity (stem surfaces & along leaf veins)
Segeneration
ScIerenchyma
3. ScIerenchyma
sclerenchyma cells which are non-living and lack
protoplasts at maturity
Have thick, lignified secondary walls
Provide strength and support in parts that have
ceased elongating or mature
Types:
1. ScIereids or stone cells
2. Fibers
Complex Permanent Tissues
Vascular Tissues
Specialized for long-distance transport of water
and dissolved substances.
Contain transfer ceIIs, fibers in addition to parenchyma
and conducting ceIIs.
Location, the veins in Ieaves
Types:
1. Xylem
2. phloem
Xylem
Xylem
GW xyIos w/c means “wood” transports water and
dissolved nutrients from the roots to aII parts of a plant.
Direction of transport is upward.
There ate two types
• Primary xylem – differentiates from procambium in the
apical meristem & occurs throughout the primary plant
body.
• Secondary xylem – differentiates from vascular cambium
& is commonly called wood.
Xylem
Xylem
• Xylary elements – the conducting cells in xylem
- 2 kinds of xylary elements:
– tracheids – the only water conducting cells
in most woody, non flowering plants.
– vessel elements – occur in several groups of
plants, including angiosperm.
- both are elongated, dead at maturity, lignified
secondary cell walls.
Tracheids Vessel elements
PhIoem
PhIoem
- Greek word phloios meaning, “bark”
- transports dissolved organic / food materials from
the Ieaves to the different parts of the plant
- glucose in phloem moves in aII directions
Types
1. Primary phloem – differentiate from procambium and
extends throughout the primary body of the plant.
2. Secondary phloem – differentiates from the vascular
cambium and constitute the inner layer of the bark.
PhIoem
Sieve tube elements
main conducting ceIIs of phloem
elongated and non-nucleated
uniformly thin walled with the end walls perforated to
from the sieve plate.
Sieve tube element are attached end to end to form
the sieve tube.
PhIoem
