MESIN ARUS BOLAK-BALIK

TE 1403

Dr. Heri Suryoatmojo, ST,MT

Electrical Engineering Department

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

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Excitation of Field Windings

1. Static excitation system fed through slip ring and brushes

2. Rotating excitation system mounted on the shaft  brushless

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Excitation System with Slip Ring & Brushes

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Brushless Excitation System

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Interaction of Rotor & Stator Magnetic Fileds
No-load operation

Br induces EA at stator

V  = EA

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Interaction of Rotor & Stator Magnetic Fileds
On-load operation

• Stator is connected to a load

• IA flows in stator producing magnetic field BS
• BS induces ESTAT at its own stator winding
• EA =V + ESTAT

Armature reaction voltage

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Interaction of Rotor & Stator Magnetic Fileds
On-load operation

Br coincide with EA
BS coincides with ESTAT
Thus Bnet will coincide with Vf

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Equivalent Circuit with Armature Reaction

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Armature Reaction & Self-Inductance Voltage

Synchronous Reactance

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Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator

Unity power factor

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Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator

Lagging power factor

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Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator

Leading power factor

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Power & Torque in Synchronous Generator

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Power Angle in Synchronous Generator

If RA << XS  RA is ignored

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Parameters of Synchronous Generator

1. Relationship between field current and flux (and therefore between the
field current and EA)
2. The synchronous reactance
3. Armature resistance

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Open-Circuit Test

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Open-Circuit Characteristic

Unsaturated Saturated

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Short-Circuit Test

V = 0

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Short-Circuit Characteristic

Unsaturated

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Determining the Synchronous Reactance

For a given field current IF

From OCC

VOC

From SCC

IA

Given IF 22
Limitation on OCC-SCC method

Note:
• EA is obtained from OCC  ranging from unsaturated to saturated region
• IA is obtained from SCC  unsaturated region

Accurate up to unsaturated synchronous reactance

XS,u

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Example of OCC & SCC test results

Synchronous generator of 10-MVA 13-kV, 3-phase, 50-Hz, Y connected

OCC

If (A) 50 75 100 125 150 162.5 200 250 300

Voc
6.2 8.7 10.5 11.8 12.8 13.2 14.2 15.2 15.9
(kV)

SCC

Excitation current of If = 100-A is required to obtain rated IA.

ZPF

Excitation current of If = 290-A is required to obtain rated IA at zero pf

and rated voltage.

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Example of OCC & SCC test results
If (A)
1000 20
900 18
800 16
700 14
600 12

Voc (kV)
Isc (A)

500 10
400 8
300 6
200 4
100 2
0 0
0 100 200 300 400
If (A)

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Armature Reaction & Leakage Reactance

Test with Zero Power Factor (ZPF) at IA rated.

Bnet = BR + BS

Bnet ~ Er
BR ~ E a
Bstat ~ -Ear

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Potier’s Method
Procedure:
1.Find P from ZPF test
2.Find P’ from SCC
3.Draw RP = OP’
4.Draw RS parallel to initial of OCC slope
(OS’)
5.Draw SQ perpendicular to RP

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Potier’s Method

SQ = IA xl Voltage drop due to leakage reactance

PQ = BS Magnetic flux due to armature reaction = Ifar ~ Ear

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Flux and Induced Voltage in Synchronous Generator

Vt = Er - IAXl

where
Er = Ea – Ear

Bnet = BR + BS

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Paralleling Synchronous Generators

Purpose of paralleling generator:

1. Meet the demand on loads
2. Increasing reliability
3. Scheduling and maintenance
4. Load sharing for efficient operation

4-MW

8-MW

8-MW
8-MW

4-MW

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Paralleling Synchronous Generators

Requirements:
• The rms line voltages of the two generators must be equal.
• The two generators must have the same phase sequence.
• The phase angles of the two a phases must be equal.
• The frequency of the new generator, called the oncoming generator, must be
slightly higher than the frequency of the running system.

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Procedure of Paralleling Synchronous Generators

1. Adjust field current until terminal voltage of two generators are equal in
magnitude.
2. Checked phase sequence of two generators. They must be equal.
3. Adjust the frequency of oncoming generator slightly higher.
4. Close the tie breaker

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Paralleling Synchronous Generators

If the rms line voltages of the two generators IS NOT equal

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Paralleling Synchronous Generators

If the two generators DO NOT have the same phase sequence

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Paralleling Synchronous Generators

If the phase angles of the two a phases IS NOT equal

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Paralleling Synchronous Generators

If the frequency of the two generators IS NOT equal

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Paralleling Synchronous Generators

If the frequency and phase sequence of the two generators ARE NOT equal

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Speed Governor in Stand-Alone Operation

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Speed Droop Principle

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Speed Droop Principle
Concept of Speed Droop

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Speed Droop in Stand-alone Operation

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Speed Droop in Stand-alone Operation

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Speed Droop in Stand-alone Operation

Summary:
• Active & reactive power supplied by generator will be the amount demanded by
load
• Governor set point of generator will control the operating frequency (f sys).
• Field current regulator will control terminal voltage of the system
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Speed Droop in Parallel Operation with Infinite Grid

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Speed Droop in Parallel Operation with Infinite Grid

fnl’

Set point
increased

P in
fb
us
’
PG’

Pload’

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Speed Droop in Parallel Operation with Infinite Grid

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Speed Droop in Parallel Operation with Infinite Grid

Summary:
• Increasing set point of generator will increase generator output power
• Frequency of the system is set by infinite bus
• Increasing field current will increase reactive power supplied to the grid

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Two Same Size Generator in Parallel Operation

Second generator takes small amount of load

demand during the first moment of
synchronization (PG2)

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Two Same Size Generator in Parallel Operation

Speed of the second generator is increased to

take more load from other.

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Two Same Size Generator in Parallel Operation

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Power Sharing in Parallel Operation

Power Sharing without shifting system frequency

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Power Sharing in Parallel Operation

Power Sharing without shifting terminal voltage

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Synchronous Motor

Three phase winding of stator produces rotating

magnetic field BS

If field winding on rotor is excited with current,

magnetic field BR is produced. This magnetic
field will “chase” BS.

So, rotor will rotate in the same speed as rotating

magnetic field generated by stator  synchronous

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Synchronous Motor

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Synchronous Motor
From Generating to Motoring Operation

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Synchronous Motor
From Generating to Motoring Operation

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Torque-Speed in Synchronous Motor

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Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Load Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Field Excitation Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Field Excitation Changes on Synchronous Motor

Under-excited Over-excited

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Field Excitation Changes on Synchronous Motor

Synchronous VAR
Compensator
when P is kept minimum

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Field Excitation Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Field Excitation Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Field Excitation Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Field Excitation Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Field Excitation Changes on Synchronous Motor

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Starting Synchronous Motor

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Starting Synchronous Motor
Basic Approach

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Starting Synchronous Motor
Reducing Electrical Frequency

Low frequency  slow rotating magnetic field  rotor is capable to

accelerate

Stator frequency is then increased gradually up to nominal value.

Requires variable frequency variable voltage source

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Starting Synchronous Motor
External Prime Mover

Prime mover brings rotor up nominal speed field excitation is applied

 synchronise with grid  detach prime mover from rotor shaft

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Starting Synchronous Motor
Armotisseur or Damper Winding

Damper winding

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Starting Synchronous Motor
Armotisseur or Damper Winding

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Starting Synchronous Motor
Armotisseur or Damper Winding

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Starting Synchronous Motor
Starting Procedure Using Armotisseur or Damper Winding

1. Disconnect the field windings from their dc power source and short
them out.
2. Apply a three-phase voltage to the stator of the motor, and let the rotor
accelerate up to near-synchronous speed. The motor should have no
load on its shaft , so that its speed can approach nsync as closely as
possible.
3. Connect the dc field circuit to its power source. After this is done, the
motor will lock into step at synchronous speed, and loads may then be
added to its shaft.

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