EAR
Dr. Huma Fatima Ali…
EAR
• Three parts:
1. External ear
2. Middle ear (tympanic cavity)
3. Internal ear (labyrinth)
EXTERNAL EAR
Consists of:
• Auricle: thin plate of elastic cartilage
covered by skin.
• External auditory meatus: outer 1/3rd
is cartilaginous and inner 2/3rd is bony.
Meatus is lined with skin containing
hairs and sebaceous ceruminous glands
(secretes wax).
EXTERNAL EAR
• SENSORY NERVE SUPPLY: auriculotemporal nerve and auricular branch of vagus
nerve.
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE: superficial parotid, mastoid and superficial cervical
lymph nodes.
MIDDLE EAR
• Air filled cavity in petrous temporal
bone.
• It contains auditory ossicles (transmit
sound waves from tympanic
membrane to internal ear)
• It communicates at front with
nasopharynx by auditory tube and
with mastoid antrum at back.
• It has roof, floor, anterior and
posterior walls and medial and lateral
walls.
MIDDLE EAR CAVITY
• ROOF: tegmen tympani (petrous
temporal bone). Separates middle ear
from brain and meninges.
• FLOOR: thin plate of bone separates it
from internal jugular vein.
• ANTERIOR WALL:
Lower part: separates it from internal
carotid artery by thin plate of bone.
Upper part: two openings;
Larger auditory tube
Smaller canal for tensor tympani.
MIDDLE EAR CAVITY
POSTERIOR WALL:
• Upper large irregular opening
aditus to mastoid antrum.
• Below conical projection pyramid.
LATERAL WALL: formed by
tympanic membrane.
MIDDLE EAR CAVITY
MEDIAL WALL:
• Larger part shows projection called
promontory (underlying turn of
cochlea).
• Above and behind promontory; oval
shaped fenestra vestibule (oval
window)
• Below posterior end of promontory;
fenestra cochlea (round window).
• Above promontory and oval window;
prominence of facial nerve canal.
AUDITORY OSSICLES
• MALLEUS: head, neck, handle and
anterior process, lateral process.
• INCUS: body, long process, short
process.
• STAPES: head, neck, two limbs and a
base.
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
• Thin fibrous pearly gray membrane.
• Anterior and posterior malleolar folds
from above a notch to lateral process
of malleus.
• Part between the folds is called PARS
FLACCIDA.
• Remainder of membrane is tens and
called PARS TENSA.
MUSCLES OF OSSICLES
• TENSOR TYMPANI:
• From wall of auditory tube to handle
of malleus.
NERVE SUPPLY: mandibular division of
trigeminal nerve.
• STAPEDIUS:
• From pyramid to neck of stapes.
• NERVE SUPPLY: facial nerve.
AUDITORY TUBE
• Connects anterior wall of tympanic
cavity to nasal pharynx.
• Posterior part is bony, anterior part is
cartilaginuous.
• Equalizes pressure in tympanic cavity
and nasal pharynx.
MASTOID ANTRUM
• Lies in petrous temporal bone behind
middle ear.
• Communicates with middle ear by
aditus.
• MASTOID AIR CELLS: begins to
develop in 2nd year of life, they are
series of communicating cavities that
communicate with tympanic cavity.
FACIAL NERVE
• On reaching internal acoustic meatus, it
enters facial canal. On reaching medial
wall it forms geniculate ganglion and
than bends sharply backward above
promontory.
• It descends in posterior wall of of middle
ear and emerges from stylomastoid
foramen.
• BRANCHES:
1. Greater petrosal nerve
2. Nerve to stapedius
3. Chorda tympani
INTERNAL EAR
• Also called labyrinth.
• Consists of bony labyrinth and
membranous labyrinth.
• Situated in petrous temporal bone.
BONY LABYRINTH
THREE PARTS:
1. Vestibule
2. Semicircular canals (superior,
posterior and lateral) with ampulla.
3. Cochlea
• They contains clear fluid called
perilymph in which is suspended
membranous labyrinth.
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
• Consists of:
1. Utricle and saccule in bony
vestibule
2. Three semicircular ducts
3. Cochlear duct.
• It is filled with endolymph and
surrounded with perilymph.
ORGAN OF CORTI
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
• On reaching internal acoustic meatus
divides into vestibular and cochlear
nerves.
• VESTIBULAR NERVE: forms vestibular
ganglion. Supply utricle, saccule and
semicircular canals.
• COCHLEAR NERVE: ganglion takes
shape of spiral ganglion and enters
cochlea to organ of corti.
APPLIED ANATOMY
EXTERNAL EAR:
• Boils and other infections cause little
swellling but extremely painful.
MIDDLE EAR:
OTITIS MEDIA
• Infection of middle ear.
• Produces bulging and redness of
tympanic membrane.
HEARING DEFECTS
• Lesion in vestibulocochlear nerve causes hearing defects.
• If it is due to disease of nerve nerve deafness.
• If it is due to disease of middle ear conductive deafness.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION….
