THE EVOLUTION OF

PHIL. POLITICS,
GOV’T, AND
GOVERNANCE
 THE ANCIENT FILIPINOS & THEIR
GOVERNMENT
1.The Government- barangay derived from the
Austronesian balangay- boat used by the
Austronesian imigrants in the Phil.
Datu-(chieftain) ruled each barangay.
-he has the power of executive, legislative, &
judicial.
-He took on the role supreme commander
during wartime.
As a lawmaker, assisted by elders-maginoos.
2. Datu as Legislator- issued the laws as the chief
legislative authority.
Umalohokan- barangay crier or announcer.
-to announce the people the approval of the new
law.
3.Datu as judge
Datu as judge and the maginoos as the members
of the jury.
Ancient Filipinos-trial ordeal in determining who
among contending parties was lying or telling the
truth.
 THE PHIL.UNDER COLONIAL RULE
1. The Magellan Exploitation
Ferdinand Magellan- Portugees who was ignored
by his King when he broached his plan to sail to
Malacca & Africa, offered his services instead to the
Spanish monarch, King Charles I. The Spanish King
was receptive. In 1951, King Charles provided
Magellan with a fleet of five ships: Trinidad, Victoria,
Concepcion, Santiago, &San Antonio.
March 17, 1521-Magellan & his crew saw the
mountains of what is now Samar.
Homonhon-landed by Magellan to the following
day to allow the sick men to recuperate.
Limasawa-ruled by Rajah Kulambu.
-the first mass celebrated ordered by Magellan.
King Charles-called Archipelago of Saint Lazarus.
April 8, 1521- Cebu
Rajah Humabon- the chieftain of Cebu-his wife,
and many natives became Christian after the
Spaniards celebration.
2. The Battle of Mactan
Rajah Sula-one of the chieftains of the Island of Mactan,
sowed an intrigue by complaining to Magellan that Rajah
SI Lapulapu.
3.The Villalobus and LegaspinExpeditions
1542-expedition commanded by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos.
Feb. 1543-were able to reach in Mindanao Villalobos and his
men.
Tandaya(Samar)- look for food by one of his men by
Villalobos.
Datu Makandala- chief of Tandaya
Felipinas- given by Villalobos to Samar & Leyte in Honor of
Prince Philip of Spain became the King Philip II.
1564-Viceroy of Mexico, King Philip II who succeeded his father King
Charles I sent an expedition to the East led by Miguel Lopez de
Legaspi.
Feb.1565-the expedition reached in Cebu.
Tupas-chieftain of Cebu.
City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus-establish the first settlement in
Cebu.
Panay- Second Spanish settlement
Juan de Salsedo- Legaspi’s grandson, sailed to Talim Island and Mindoro.
Martin de Goiti- headed the expedition in Manila and the other one is
headed by Salcedo.
Manila –ruled by Rajah Sulayman or Soliman who refused to pay the
tribute to de Goiti.
Legaspi- appointed by the King of Spain as the captain-ganeral of the
island equivalent to position of governor-general.
June 24, 1571-Legaspi made Manila capital of the Phil.
Ayuntamiento orcity government-organized by Legaspi.
-two alcaldes or magistrates, alguacil mayor or chief
constable, 12 regidors or legislative council
members, and one escribano or court clerk.
THE PHIL. UNDER THE SPANISH RULE
Phil-was administered by the council of the Indies.
King of Spain-issued royal of decrees and orders
appointing the Spanish officials in the Phil.
1863-Phil was placed under the jurisdiction of the
ministry of the Colonies or Overseas
Ministry(Ministerio de Ultramar)
 The National Government , its Head, and its
Branches
Highly centralized form of Government-established by
the Spaniards. This meant that central or national
gov’t was so powerful that it controlled almost
every aspect of governance.
Governor-general-appointed by the King of Spaniards
his official represented in the colony.
Governor-general could appoint minor officials in the
gov’t including the parish priest. He was the
commander in chief of the armed forces.
2 Branches of the gov’t. Executive and judiciary.
No legislature bec. The laws of the Phil were crafted
by the Spaniards in Spain.
Governor-goneral- issue orders with the force law
(superior decrees)
-he had the power of cumplase or the right of the
governor to refuse to implement a royaldecree or
order of the king of spain if in his judgment the
implementation of the order or decree would not
be beneficial to the administration of the country.
Judicial powers of the gov’t were vested in the royal
audiencia and the lower courts.
Audiencia-highest court in the country and had the
power to uadit finances of the gov’t.
 The local government
a.Provincial gov’t.- headed by governor or alcalde mayor who was appointed by
Governor general.
b.Municipal gov’t-headed by gobernadorcillo or captain municipal who
was chosen by eighteenth electors.
c.Barrio or Barangay-smallest unit in the gov’t headed by a cabeza was
tasked to maintain peace and order and collect taxes in the barangay.
THE EARLY REVOLTS AGAINST SPANIARDS RULE
The spaniards implemented oppressive policies in governing the Phil.
There were local revolts in the country. These revolts not only the
sense of nationalism but they wanted to regain their lost. It was a
natural desire to bring the old native religion backand the agrarian
unrest. The revolts failed. Spanish did not succeed. They used
weapons and employed native volunteers and mercenaries against
rebels. Spaniards gave the local chieftains and their families positions
in the gov’t and granted them priviledges.
 The Reform movement of the Katipunan
1872-Filipinos began the peaceful campaign due to abuses of
the Spanish government. This was called Propaganda
Movement. The most famous of these reformists were Jose
P. Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jeana, and Marcelo H. del Pilar.
1st-Spain was busy with own problems to consider the
problems ventilated by the propagandist movement.
2nd- Filipinos lacked of financial means to support their cause.
3rd- reformists were not united.
4th-friars had influential friends and supporters in Spain who
opposed the introduction of reforms in the Phil.
Andres Bonifacio-founded Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangan,
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. (KKK)
 The 1896 Revolution
The discovery of the Katipunan by the Spanish authorities on Aug.
19, 1896 matked the the outbreak of the 1896 Revolution.Many
Filipinos suspected to be members of the Katipunan were
captured, tortured, and persecuted.
8 provinces revolted in Luzon-Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Batngas,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija.
Dec.10,1896-Rizal was executed
THE TEJEROS CONVENTION AND THE NAIC MILITARY AGREEMENT
Emilio Agunaldo-headed the battle against the Spaniards.
Magdalo group-headed by Bonifacio’s cousin
Magdiwang group-headed by Bonifacio’s uncle
March 22, 1897-Katipuneros form a new Gov’t.
=Aguinaldo was elected as a Pres. While Bonifacio
elected as a Director of the Interior.
Daniel Tinora-questioned Bonifacio’s educational attainment. This
prompted Bonifacio to declare the results of election as void. On the
next day Bonifacio and his men signed the Acta de Tejero which
contained a resolution nullfying the results of the Tejeros convention.
Naic Military Agreement- signed by Bonifacio and his men. This
document stating that a new form of government will be established.
THE EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO
May 10, 1897-Bonifacio and his brother were executed.
THE BIAK NA BATO REPUBLIC AND THE TRUCE OF BIAK NA BATO
Aguinaldo first established a republican gov’t called Biak na Bato
Republic but later entered into an agreement with the Spaniards
where by he and his men would go in Hongkong in exchange for
P800,000.00. The truce, however, fell through the bec. One of the
Filipino military leaders, Gen. Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac,
established a central executive committee which was an independent
 THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
Feb. 15, 1898-American battle USS Maine stationed at Havana Harbor in
Cuba was alleged blown up by the Spaniards. 200 American and officers
died in the mishap.
April 25, 1898- the US Congress formally declared war on Spain.
May 1, 1898-American fleet proceeded to Manila Bay and to attack the
Spanish fleet.
THE RETURN OF AGUINALDO AND THE MOCK BATLLE OF MANILA
June, 1898- entire Luzon was in the hand of the Filipino rebels.
June 12, 1898- Aguinaldo signed the Proclamation of Phil. Independence in
Kawit Cavite.
In the wake of the battlefield success of the Filipinos against the Spaniards
the American and the Spaniards entered into a secret agreement and
staged a battle to make the Filipino rebels believed that it was the
Spaniards who surrendered to the Americans. This was called the “Mock
Battle of Manila.”
THE DICTATORIAL GOV’T AND REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

May 24, 1898-Aguinaldo established a dictatorial gov’t wherein the chief

of the state called Dictator.
June 23, 1898-Aguinaldo changed the form of gov’t from dictatorial
revolutionary through the advice of Apolinario Mabini. The chief of
the state was now called the President. Revolution ary had four
Departments: Dept. of Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce; Dept. of
War and Public Works; Dep’t of
Police and Internal Order, Justice, Educ. And Hygiene and the Dep’tof
Finance, Agriculture and Manufacturing Industry.
Aguinaldo increased the Dep’t. into six: foreign affairs, war, interior,
welfare, justice, and treasury. He also appointed the delegates most
of the delegates to the Congers that met at the Barasoain Church in
Malolos, Bulacan
 The First Philippine Republic and the Malolos Constitution
3 Branches:
The Executive
The Legislative
The Judiciary
Pres.-elected by a unicameral which took the place of
Congress
Dept. of Secretaries-they are responsible to the assembly.
June 23, 1899- first Phil Republic was inaugurated by
Aguinaldo as its Pres.
 The Treaty of PArish
Dec.10,1898-the Spanish and the American peace commissioners
signed the treaty of Parish wherein Spain returned over the Phil.
To the US for the sum of s20,000,000 as payment for the
improvement made by the Spain in the Phil. The US granted
Spain the right to export commodities to the Phil. For ten years
on the same terms as those of the US.

AMERICAN-COLONIAL RULE
After the defeat of the Filipinos, the Phil. Was administered by the
President of the US through the military.
THE MILITARY GOVERNOR
As the representative of the US Pres. To the Phil. The military
governor had vast authority which included executive,
legislative, and judicial powers.
 The Schurman Commission and the Taft Commission
March 1899- Schurman Commission arrived in Manila.
March 1900- US sent a second commission to the Phil. It was known as the
Taft Commission and was tasked to establish a civil gov’t. in the Phil. And
train the Filipinos in self-governance.

THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT

March, 1902- the US Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act.
July 4, 1901-the civil government was inaugurated.

PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902

July I, 1902-the Phil Bill of 1902 was enacted by the US Congress. It
provided for a Bill of Rights for the Filipinos, the appointment of two
Filipino non-voting commissioners to the US Congress and the
establishment of a Phil Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos two
years after the publication of a census and complete restoration of
 THE FIRST PHIL ASSEMBLY
July 30, 1907- elections were set for the first Phil Assembly.
80- seats in the Assembly
59-won by the Partido Nationalista
16-won the by the Partido Progresista
And the remaining seats were won by the independent
candidates.
Phil. Assembly-became the lower house of the Phil lagislature.
Phil. Commission-was the upper house.
 THE JONES LAW

1916-Approval of the Jones Law

Three Branches under this Law:
Executive branch-headed by governor general who was appointed
by the Pres of the US with the approval of the American Senate.
Judicial power- exercised by the Supreme court and the lower
courts.
Legislative branch-Phil Senate which became the upper house.
The Phil Assembly became the House of Representatives or the
lower house of the legislature.
Bill of Rights for the Filipinos- freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, freedom of illegal search, freedom to assemble for the
redress of grievances, and other rights exercised by people in a
 The Independence Missions
Third independent mission-headed by Sergio Osmenia and
Manuel Roxas so-called “Os-Rox Mission to the was sent US
in 1931.
Hare-Hawes Cutting Act –which provided that at the end of a
ten year Commonwealth period, independence would be
granted to the Phil.
Tydings Ms Duffie Law- provided for the framing of a
constitution for the Commonwealth Gov’t.
May 14, 1935- Constitution was approved by the Filipino
people in a plebecite.
 COMMONWEALTH ERA AND THE WORLD WAR II
Nov. 15, 1935-commonwealth gov’t was inaugurated by
Quezon as the Pres. And Osmenia as the v-pres.
The preparation for independence were stalled when the war
in the Pacific broke in 1941.
This was prompted by the bombing of the American Fleet in
Pearl Harbor Hawaii by the Japanese.
1942- the Japanese occupied most parts of Luzon. The
Japanese reorganized the Phil Gov’t. and renamed it
Central Administrative Organization.
 The Second Republic
The Japanese created a commission created a
commission for the purpose of framing a
constitution approved by a convention.
Sept. 25, 1943- the National Assembly elected Jose p.
Laurel as the Pres. Of the Second Republic. After
the death of Quezon, the Americans, through the
leadership of Gen. Arthur Mac Arthur, began its
offensive against Japan. When the Japanese were
finally defeated in the Phil, Mac Arthur re-
established the Commonwealth on Oct. 23, 1944
with himself as the Military Administrator.
Feb. 27, 1945-he turned over the reins of gov’t to Osmenia.

THE REPUBLICAN YEARS

THIRD REPUBLIC
March 1945-Osmenia reorganized the gov’t.
Oct. 1945- American Congress passed the Bell Trade Relations
Act which granted parity rights to the American. This
meant that the Americans would be given the right to used
and exploit the natural resources of the Phil on equal
footing with Filipinos. These was objected by the Filipinos,
the 1935 constitution was amended to effect this provision.
In the election of April 23,1946- Manuel A. Roxas elected as
the President.
July 4, 1946-Phil. Independence was proclaimed.
The 1971 Constitutional convention, Declaration of Martial Law
and the 1973 Constitution
June 1971-Constitutional convention started framing a new
constitution.
Sept. 21, 1972- Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos issued proclamation
No.1081 declaring martial law in the Phil. He assumed that he
is the executive, legislative and judiciary powers of the Gov’t.
Because of the amendments, the country was then ruled by
Marcos as dictator. Major political parties disappeared from the
political to scene leaving the administration party, the Kilusang
Bagong Lipunan, to dominate politics. The basic freedom of
the people was curtailed. Press freedom, academic
freedom, respect of human right, and accountability of
Public officials and the military to the people disappeared.
Marcos lifted Martial law on Jan.17, 1981.
Aug. 21, 1983- the assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino
intensified the clamor of the people for the restoration of
democracy. Rallies and mass actions challenging Marcos to step
down were held by people across socioeconomic classess.
THE 1986 SNAP ELECTION AND THE PEOPLE POWER OR THE EDSA
REVOLUTION
Feb.7, 1986- Marcos announced a “snap”presidential election. He
was declared the president-elect on Feb. 20, 1986. However
Corazon Aquino and the opposition’s candidate for pres.,
claimed victory and accused Marcos of massive electoral fraud.
She called for civil disobedience after the National Movement
for free elections (NAMFREL) declared her as the winner in
the snap election.
Feb. 25, 1986-these events led to People Power Revolution
along Elpifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA) and which
brought also an end to Marcos dictatorship and prompted
to exile in US.
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
March 25, 1986- Corazon Aquino the pres proclaimed a
provisional constitution called “Freedom Constitution”. It
required here to create a Constitutional Commission
(ConCom).
Feb.2, 1987- people ratified the constitution in a plebecite.
The 1987 constitution which is the present constitution restored
the presidential form of gov’t and bicameral congress. It
provide for independence constitutional commission and the
judiciary from the other branches of gov’t. To further institute
the check and balance in the gov’t. the present charter
contains:
a. A single fixed term of six years for pres.
b. Confirmation of some presidential appointments by the
commission on appointments.
c. Approval of congress when the pres declares martial law
d. Appointments to the judiciary by the pres based on a short list
of nominees recommended by the judicial and Bar Council.
e. Ratification by the Senate of international treaties entered
into by the executive branch of the gov’t.
f. Removal from the office by impeachment and conviction of
the pres, v-pres, members of the supreme court and the
members of the constitutional commissions.
 Decentralization and Local Governance
Decentralization- is the dispersion or distribution of functions
and powers; specifically: the delegation of power from a
central authority to regional and local authorities
Decentralization- signifies a transfer of the powers and
responsibilities of state institutions to local governments,
which makes local autonomy possible.
Local Governance- the management of political economic and
administrative affairs of the territorial and political
subdivisions of the state.
=it pertains to the activity by which local officials, both
elected and appointed implement the goals and manage
the resource of the local government unit.
 THE POWERS OF A LOCAL GOV’T.
1.Police power
2.Power to generate and apply resources
3.Eminent domain
4.Reclassification of land
5.Closure and opening of roads
6.Corporate powers
7.Authority to negotiate and secure grants
THE DIFF. LEVELS OF THE PHIL. LOCAL GOV’T.
1.Province
2.City and Municipality(component cities and highly
urbanized cities(HUCs)
3.Barangay
 The powers of a local Government unit
As enunciated in Section of RA No.7160, thus:
Section 15. Political and Corporate Nature of Local
Government Units. Every local gov’t unit created of
recognized under this is a body politic and corporate
endowed with powers to be exercised by it in conformity
with law. As such, it shall exercise powers as a political
subdivision of the national gov’t and as a corporate entity
representing the inhabitants of its territory.
 Heads and Tails:From the Pres. to the Barangays
Pres. Of the Phil.

Autonomuos
regions

Cities Cities
Provinces independent Provinces independent
from a province from a province

Component Component
Municipalities Municipalities
cities cities

Barangays Barangays Barangays Barangays Barangays Barangays

 ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
ELECTIONS- are the process by which voters in a country
select the officials who will exercise the powers of gov’t. for
a period fixed by law. Generally speaking, they are the
principal feature of a modern democracy. They are, of
course the demonstration elections conducted in dictatorial
regimes which are held to lend legitimacy to the ruling
power.
BASIC CHARACTERISTIC OF ELECTIONS:
1.They are political exercises;
2.They select officials who shall serve for a definite term or
specific period.
3.They often provide the means for the expression of the
popular will;
4.The decision of the voters in fair, free, and honest elections
cannot be questioned.
TYPES OF ELECTIONS
A. Regular elections-one conducted nation wide or in certain
political subdivisions of the country to select, normally
through balloting, the officials who will succeed the
incumbents after their full terms have ended. In the Phil.,
the rules on election depend on the elective position.
B. Special election-one conducted to select, normally through
balloting, the official who shall serve for the unexpired
part of the term for which the incumbent has been
elected. The vacancy occurs when the incumbent dies, is
incapacitated, or is recalled.
 WHO CAN VOTE
Every citizens of the Phil.not otherwise disqualified by law, 18
years of age or over on the day of election, who has resided
in the Phil. for 1yr. and in the city or municipality wherein
he/she proposes to vote for at least 6mos. immediately
preceding the election, may register as a voter. To exercise
the right to vote, the qualified elector must be registered in
the permanent list of voters for the city or municipality in
which he/she resides.
AFP, PNP and other gov’t officers and employees, who are
duly registered voters, are allowed to vote for the positions
of Pres, V-Pres, Senators, and Party List Rep. on election day
in places where they are not registered voters but where
they are temporarily assigned to perform election duties on
election day. This is known as local absentee voting.
 DATE OF ELECTIONS
Regular elections for Pres, V-Pres, Senators, Member of the
House of Representatives and local officials shall be held on
the 2nd Monday of May.
ELECTIVE OFFICIALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Qualifications for Pres, v-pres, Senators, M.H.R are provided for
in the 1987 Constitution.
For President and v-President
 A natural- born citizen;
 A registered voter;
 Able to read and write;
 At least 40yrs old on the day of the election; and
 A resident of the Phil for at least 10yrs immediately
preceding such election.
The Constitution also state that no person shall be elected as a Senator
unless he/she is:
• A natural –born citizen;
• At least 35yrs of age on the day of election;
• Able to read and write;
• Registered voter; and
• A resident of the Phil for not less than 2yrs immediately preceding the
day of election.
Members of the House of Representatives
 Natural born-citizen;
 At least 25yrs of age on the day of the election;
 Able to read and write;
 Except for party –list representative , a registered voter in the district
in which he/she elected; and
 A resident of the district for a period of not less than 1yr immediately
preceding the day of election.
Qualifications for governor, v-gov., member of the
sangguniang panlalawigan, mayor, v-mayor, member of the
sangguniang panlungsod, member of the sangguniang
bayan, punong barangay, and member of the sangguniang
barangay are provided for in RA No. 7160, the Local
Government Code(LGC).
The general qualifications under the LGC for these elective
local officials are:
*he/she must be a citizen of the Phil. Voter in the barangay
*he/she must be a registered Voter in the barangay,
municipality, city, or province or, in the case of he/she a
member of the sangguniang panlalawigan, sangguniang
panlungsod, or sangguniang bayan, the district where
he/she intends to be elected;
*he/she must be a resident therein for at least
Filipinoimmediately preceding the day of the election; and
*he/she must be able to read and writeFilipino or any other
local language or dialect.
The age requirements under the LGC for the same elective
local officials are:
*candidates for gov., v-gov., or member of the sangguniang
panlalawigan, or mayor, v-mayor or member of the
sangguniang panlungsod of highly urbanized cities must at
least be 23 yrs old on the day of election.
*candidates for the position of mayor or v-mayor of
independent component cities, component cities, or
municipalities must be at least 21yrs of age on election day;
*candidates for the position of member of the sangguniang
panlungsod or sangguniang bayan, punong brgy. Or member of
the sangguniang brgy. Must be at least 18yrs old on the day of
election.
*Pres-has a term of office of 6yrs and is not eligible for any
election.
*v-Pres-has a term for 6yrs and cannot run for more then 2
successive terms.
*Senator-has a term of 6yrs and cannot run for more than 2
consecutive terms.
* member of a house of representative, gov, v-gov, board
member, city and municipal mayors, city and municipal v-
mayors, city and municipal councilors, brgy chairman brgy
councilman-3yrs term and cannot run for more than 3
consecutive terms.
 THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS
COMELEC, CSC, COA- Sec 2(1) of Art IX of the gives
Constitution gives the COMELEC the broad power to
enforce administer all laws and regulations relative
to the conduct of an election, plebecite, initiative,
referendum and recall.
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE COMELEC
CONFERED BY THE 1987 CONSTITUTION:
*Administrative
*Quasi-Legislative and
*Quasi-judicial
Quasi-judicial- power of the COMELEC embraces the
power to resolve controversies arising from the
enforcement laws, and to be the sole judge of all
pre-proclamation controversies; and all of contests
relating to the elections, returns to the
qualifications. Exercise such legislative functions as
Quasi-legislative power- refers to the issuance of rules
and regulations to implement the election laws and
to exercise such legislative functions as may
expressly be delegated to it by Congress.
Administrative-refers to the enforcement and
administration of election laws
Comelec has Chairman and 6 Commissioners who are
natural-born citizens of the Phil. At least 35yrs old at
the time of their appointment. Holders of a college
degree, he and must not have been candidates for
any elective positions in the preceding election.
Majority of the members of the comelec with the
consent, including the chairman, shall be members
of the Phil Bar who have been engaged in the
practice of law for at least 10yrs.
Chairman and Commissioners appointed by the Pres.
with the consent of the Commission on
appointment for a term of 7yrs reappointment.
 AUTOMATED ELECTION SYSTEM
Congress passed RA No. 8436 in 19997 authorizing the
COMELEC to used an automated election system. These
guarantees that the process of consolidation and
transmission of doc will be transparent and credible and the
results fast, accurate, and reflective of the genuine will of
the people.
2010-election was the first national election that utilized an
automated election system.
An automated election system using appropriate technology
for voting and electronic devices to count votes and canvass
and consolidate results. During the 2010 elections, the
paper ballots marked by hand by the voters were inserted in
a Precinct Count Optical Scan(PCOS) machine to be counted.
 DEFINITION AND NATURE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

Political Party- refers to an organized group of citizens advocating an

ideology or platform, principles, and policies for the general conduct of
gov’t and which, as the most immediate means of ensuring their
adoption, regularly nominates and supports some of its leaders and
members as candidates for public office.
POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE PHIL.
After 1907-2 most prominent political parties were the Federal Party and
Nationalista Party.
Federal Party-initially espoused statehood and integration with the U.S.
Nationalista Party-under the leadership of Sergio Osmenia and Manuel
Quezon adopted the platform of immediate independence.
-This party became the single most dominant party after the second world
war.
KBL-was the all-powerful political party during the martial law period.
-formed by Ferdinand Marcos a former liberal party member.
LDP(Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino)-a curious mix of
Marcos and anti-Marcos elites, won most of the
congressional and local elections.
Lakas-NUCD(National Union of Christian Democrats)-formed
by Fidel Ramos when he failed to obtain the nomination as
LDPs presidential candidate. Became the majority party.
LAMMP(Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino)-J.Estrada
formed his own political party when he ran for pres. His
party combined forces with the LDP and the
NCP(Nationalist People’s Coalition) of Eduardo “Danding”
Coangco Jr. During the short –lived Estrada presidency.
 PARTY –LIST SYSTEM IN THE PHIL.
The party list system in the Phil is a mechanism of proportional representation
in the election in the election of representatives to the House of
Representatives from national, regional, and sectoral parties of
organizations or coalitions thereof registered with the COMELEC.
Different groups in the party list system
1.National parties or organizations or coalitions thereof; and
2.Regional parties or organizations or coalitions thereof; do not need to
organized along sectoral lines and do not need to represent any
marginalized and underrepresented sector.
3.Sectoral parties or organizations or coalitions thereof;refer to an organized
group whose principal advocacy pertains to the special interest and
concerns of the ff. sector: labor, peasant, fisherfolk, urban poor, indigenous
cultural communities, elderly, handicapped, women, youth, veterans,
overseas workers, professionals.
Sectoral organization-refers to a group of citizens or a coalition groups of
citizens who share similar physical attributes or characteristics, employment
or concerns.
Electoral System-pertain to the set of rules w/c are applied to
govern the conduct of elections.
Types of Electoral System
I.PROPORTIONAL SYSTEM-Awarded seats in direct proportion to
their share of the votes.
a.List System
b.Single Transferrable vote
II.NON-PROPORTIONAL SYSTEM-PARTIES ARE NOT REWARDED in
proportion to the share of the total number of votes they
obtain.
a.Plurality and majority system
1.Simple plurality
2.Absolute majority
3.Two -ballot system
III.MIXED SYSTEM-combines the geographical representation
of the plurality with the party representation of the
proportional method.
a.Mixed member majoritarian
b.Mixed member majoritarian