Module 1

EMBEDDED SYSTEM-
OVERVIEW
By
Dr.Maheswari Muthusamy
AP/SG/EEE
 1.1 Embedded system Introduction and
Characteristics
contents
Embedded system-Definition
Microcontroller - heart of Embedded system
Differentiate Microcontroller and microprocessor
Applications of Embedded system
Embedded System –Characteristics
Types of Embedded system
Advantages and Disadvantages of Embedded system
 Introduction
What is a system?

A system is a way of working, organizing or doing one or many

tasks according to a fixed plan, program or set of rules.
A system is also an arrangement in which all its units assemble and
work together according to the plan or program.

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 System-Examples
WATCH is a time display SYSTEM
Its Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial, Chassis and Strap

Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5. All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

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 System-Examples
WASHING MACHINE
It is an automatic clothe washing SYSTEM
Parts: Status display panel, Switches & Dials, Motor, Power supply &
control unit, Inner water level sensor and solenoid valve.

Rules
1.Wash by spinning 2.Rinse
3.Drying
4.Wash over by blinking
5.Each step display the process stage
6.In case interruption, execute only the remaining

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 What is General purpose system?
• A computer system that can do many
functionalities depending on
• Available hardware
• Installed programs

Examples
• PCs
• Laptops
• Servers
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 What is an Embedded System
• An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed
to perform a dedicated function
• A combination of hardware and software which together form a
component of a larger machine.

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Block Diagram of an embedded system

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 Essential Components
• Microprocessor / Microcontroller
• Sensors
• Converters (A-D and D-A)
• Actuators
• Memory (On-chip and Off chip)
• Communication path with the interacting environment

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 Important Units Of Microprocessor/Controller
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• I/O: Input /Output
• Bus: Address bus & Data bus
• Memory: RAM & ROM
• Timer
• Interrupt

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 General-purpose Microprocessor
• CPU for Computers
• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• Example--Intel’s x86: 8086,8088,80386,80486, Pentium

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Microcontroller

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 Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
•CPU is stand-alone, •CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all
RAM, ROM, I/O, timer on a single chip
are separate
•designer can decide on the •fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O
amount of ROM, RAM ports
and I/O ports.
•expensive
•for applications in which cost,
•general-purpose power and space are critical
•Ex. 8085,8086 mp, •single-purpose
Motorola 6800, •Ex. 8051, PIC mc, Motorola MC’s,
Intel’s 8086, etc. Phillips, etc

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 Application areas
Automotive electronics

Aircraft electronics

Trains

Telecommunication

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Automobiles

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Consumer electronics

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Industry Automation

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Telecommunication

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Medical Systems

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Embedded Medical Equipment

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Embedded System in Daily Life

Digital clock
Moving
message
display

DVD player Traffic

Light Slide 22
Characteristics of Embedded Systems

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 Embedded System Characteristics
All Embedded Systems are task specific. They do the same task repeatedly
/continuously over their lifetime. An mp3 player will function only as an mp3
player.
Embedded systems are created to perform the task within a certain time frame.
It must therefore perform fast enough. A car’s brake system, if exceeds the
time limit, may cause accidents.
They have minimal or no user interface (UI). A fully automatic washing
machine works on its own after the programme is set and stops once the task is
over.
Some embedded systems are designed to react to external stimuli and react
accordingly. A thermometer, a GPS tracking device.
Embedded systems are built to achieve certain efficiency levels. They are
small sized, can work with less power and are not too expensive.
Embedded systems cannot be changed or upgraded by the users. Hence, they
must rank high on reliability and stability. They are expected to function for
long durations without the user experiencing any difficulties.

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Embedded System Characteristics
Microcontroller or microprocessors are used to design embedded
systems.
Embedded systems need connected peripherals to attach input & output
devices.
The hardware of an embedded-system is used for security and
performance. The Software is used for features.

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 Types of Embedded system
Embedded systems can be classified based on:
Performance and Functional requirements
Performance of the Microcontroller

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Types

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Performance and Functional Requirement
Based Embedded Systems

Real Time Embedded Systems

A Real Time Embedded System provides output within a defined
specific time. That is, real time embedded systems are designed and
created to perform some specific work in pre-specified time.
Types of Real Time Embedded Systems
There are two types of Real Time Embedded System. They are:
Soft Real Time Embedded Systems
Hard Real Time Embedded Systems

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 Performance and Functional Requirement
Based Embedded Systems
Stand Alone Embedded Systems
Stand-Alone Embedded Systems are those that can work by themselves i.e. they are self-
sufficient and do not depend on a host system. Stand-alone embedded systems are made in a
way such that an input is received, processed and thereafter the desired output is produces.
Input can be received via sensors, keyword or push button.
Networked Embedded Systems
Networked Embedded Systems depend on connected network to perform its assigned tasks.
These systems consist of components like sensors, controllers etc. which are interconnected.
Many of these systems are built on general purpose processors.
Mobile Embedded Systems
Mobile Embedded Systems are those that are small sized and can be used in smaller devices.
They are used in mobile phones and digital cameras because of the small size. They often
have memory constraints and lacks good user interface.

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 Microcontroller Performance Based
Embedded System
Small Scale Embedded System
Small Scale Embedded System is normally designed and created using an 8-bit
microcontroller. This microcontroller can be battery activated.
Medium Scale Embedded System
Medium Scale Embedded System uses a single 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller
or multiple microcontrollers linked together. These systems have a lot of
hardware as well as software complexities, hence are not preferred by many.
Sophisticated Embedded System
Sophisticated Embedded System often function on multiple algorithms that
results in complexities in both hardware and software. They often need a
processor that is configurable and logic array that can be programmed.

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 Advantages of Embedded System
They are convenient for mass production. This results in low price per
piece.
These systems are highly stable and reliable.
Embedded systems are made for specific tasks.
The embedded systems are very small in size, hence can be carried and
loaded anywhere.
These systems are fast. They also use less power.
The embedded systems optimize the use or resources available.
They improve the product quality.

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Disadvantages of Embedded system
Once configured, these systems cannot be changed. Hence, no
improvement or upgradation on the ones designed and created can be
made.
They are hard to maintain. It is also difficult to take a back-up of
embedded files.
Troubleshooting is difficult for embedded systems. Transferring data
from one system to another is also quite problematic.
Because these systems are made for specific tasks, hardware is limited.

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1.1.2 Microcontroller as the heart of embedded
system
Microcontroller is an IC chip that takes input process
data according to program written in its memory and
gives output as control signal for controlling other
machines and devices.

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1.1.2 Explain microcontroller as the heart of
embedded system
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or
MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated
circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals.

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1.1.3 Relate embedded system examples with
real life application
In today's world of technology, we found
Microcontrollers in almost every electronic device we
uses. Almost all general purpose devices such as
Digital Watches, Washing Machines, CD/DVD Players,
Mobile Phones and Microwave Ovens works on the
bases of Microcontroller.

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1.1.3 Relate embedded system examples with
real life application

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1.1.4 Differentiate Microcontroller and
microprocessor

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1.1.4 Differentiate Microcontroller and
microprocessor
Microprocessor :
Microprocessor is the heart of any processing
device. Its a basic building block of modern
processors and controllers.
Its a register based multi-purpose electronics device
which takes input from us, process that input data
according to the program written in external memory
and gives us useful results.

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1.1.4 Differentiate Microcontroller and
microprocessor
Microprocessor :
This device is only consists of processing unit, that is
Memory and I/O devices are need to be connected
externally.
As it requires external memory and I/O devices so it
requires large space and is larger in size. It is of no
use without interfacing with external memory and
I/O ports.

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1.1.4 Differentiate Microcontroller and
microprocessor
Microcontroller :
Microcontroller is also like a
Microprocessor except that a Microcontroller
made by Integrating Memory and I/O ports
on a single chip.
It doesn't requires external ROM, I/O ports
for its operation. As memory such as
ROM/RAM is integrated on a single IC chip,
thus it is small in size.

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1.1.4 Differentiate Microcontroller and
microprocessor
Microcontroller :
It is basically used for controlling various machines.
Programming of both Microcontroller And
Microprocessor is almost similar.

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1.1.4 Differentiate Microcontroller and
microprocessor

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1.1.5 Discuss the advantages of microcontroller
application
Some of the benefits are based tools microcontroller:
High reliability and high degree of integration;
Reduction in size;
Reduced component count and manufacturing cost
owner;
Shorter development time;
Shorter time to market;
Lower power consumptions.
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Thank You

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What is general purpose
system?
• A computer system that can do
many functionalities depending on
• Available hardware
• Installed programs

Examples
• PCs
• Laptops
• Servers
What is an Embedded systems ?
• An embedded system is a special-purpose
computer system designed to perform a
dedicated function
• A combination of hardware and software
which together form a component of a larger
machine.
Block Diagram of an Embedded System
Essential Components
• Microprocessor / Microcontroller
• Sensors
• Converters (A-D and D-A)
• Actuators
• Memory (On-chip and Off chip)
• Communication path with the interacting
environment

5
 Important Units Of Microprocessor/Controller

• CPU: Central Processing Unit

• I/O: Input /Output
• Bus: Address bus & Data bus
• Memory: RAM & ROM
• Timer
• Interrupt
General-purpose Microprocessor

• CPU for Computers

• No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
• Example--Intel’s x86: 8086,8088,80386,80486,
Pentium
Data Bus Many chips on mother board
CPU
General-
Purpose Serial
Micro- RAM ROM I/O Port Timer
processor COM
Port
Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor
System
 Microcontroller

• A smaller computer.
• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example:- Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051
and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O PortTimer COM
Port

Microcontroller
Microprocessor
Vs
Microcontroller
Microprocessor v/s
Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller

•CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, •CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer
timer are separate are all on a single chip
•designer can decide on the amount of •fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM,
ROM, RAM and I/O ports. I/O ports
•expensive •for applications in which cost,
•general-purpose power and space are critical
•Ex. 8085,8086 mp, Motorola 6800, •single-purpose
Intel’s 8086, etc. •Ex. 8051, PIC mc, Motorola MC’s,
Phillips, etc.
 Architecture

ARCHITECTURE

Memory Access Based

Instruction Set Based
HARVARD &
CISC & RISC
VON-NUEMANN
CISC Vs
RISC
CISC RISC
•hardware complexity is •hardware complexity is
high low
•multi clock complex •Singleonly
instructions clock Reduced
instructions
•Low cycles/sec
•Small codes sizes
•Transistors used for •Spends more transistors on
storing complex memory registers
instructions •instructions execute in a
•pipelining is not uniform amount of time (i.e. one
possible due to uneven clock), pipelining is possible.2444
process time
Application areas

Automotive
electronics

Aircraft electronics

Trains

Telecommunication

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Automobiles
Consumer electronics
Industry Automation
Telecommunication
Medical systems
Embedded Medical Equipment
Application areas
• Medical systems

• Military applications

• Authentication

22
Application areas

Consumer
electronics
• Fabrication equipment

• Smart buildings

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 Digital clock
Moving
message
display

DVD player Traffic

Light
Embedded Systems -
Dependability

• Reliability: R(t) = probability of system working

correctly provided that it was working at
• Maintainability: t=0
M(d) = probability of
working correctly d time
system
units after error occurred.
•Availability: probability of system working at time
t
•Safety: no harm to be caused
•Security: confidential and authentic
communication
Embedded Systems-
Efficiency
• Energy efficient
• Code-size efficient (especially for systems on a chip)
• Run-time efficient
• Weight efficient
• Cost efficient
• Dedicated user interface (no mouse,
keyboardand screen).
Characteristics of Embedded
Systems

• Many ES must meet real-time constraints:

• A real-time system must react to stimuli
from the controlled object (or the operator)
within the time interval.
– For real-time systems, right answers arriving too
early or too late are wrong.
– An embedded system can be a
• Hard real-time system
• Soft real-time system
Hard real-time system

• In hard real-time systems the tasks should be run in on time , time is major constraints.

• The response time requirements of hard real- time systems are in the order of
milliseconds or less and can result in a catastrophe if not met.
• Examples for hard real-time systems i
– Missile
– Industrial Automation
s
– Automobiles
– video transmission, each picture frame and audio must be
transferred at fixed rate
Soft real-time system
• The response time requirements of soft real-time
systems are higher and not very stringent.
• The soft real-time systems will slow down their
response time if the load is very high
• Examples are
– DVD Player
– Mobile phones
– digital cameras
– playing robots
Comparison

Embedded Systems
General Purpose Computing
•Few applications that are known at
•Broaddesign-time.
class of applications.
•Programmable by end user.
•Not programmable by end
•Faster is better.
user.
•
•Criteria:
Fixed run-time requirements
– Cost
(additional computing power not
– average speed
useful).
•Criteria:
– cost
– power consumption
Features of Embedded system
• Embedded Systems are the modern compacted
devices with multifunction capabilities.
• An embedded system performs pre-defined tasks,
unlike a general-purpose personal computer.
• An embedded system is a programmed hardware
device. A programmable hardware chip is the
platform and it is programmed with particular
applications.
• Embedded systems are not always standalone
devices. Many embedded systems consist of small,
computerized parts within a larger device that
serves a more general purpose.
Features of Embedded system
• The program instructions written for embedded
systems are referred to as firmware,
• The program stored in read-only memory or
Flash memory chips.
• They run with limited computer hardware
resources: little memory, small or non-existent
keyboard and/or screen.
Embedded System Architecture
development process of BASIC
embedded 1.System
Requirements (application)

2. Select microcontroller and H/W

3. Design hardware for your application

4. Write software

5.Write your HEX code to microcontroller

6. Test your proto type product

7. You start your product production