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Unit 1: General Background and Speed Governors

This document discusses speed governing systems for power plants. It explains that governing systems are needed to regulate turbine speed and power output to match changing consumer demand loads. The governing system senses speed changes and adjusts the steam control valve opening to change the turbine power output. This action stops the power mismatch but leaves a speed error. The document defines regulation or droop as the percentage change in speed that causes a 100% change in power output. It provides diagrams of typical speed governing system block diagrams and steady-state droop characteristics. It explains how adding a speed changer to the governor facilitates controlling frequency to 60Hz regardless of load changes.

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265 views14 pages

Unit 1: General Background and Speed Governors

This document discusses speed governing systems for power plants. It explains that governing systems are needed to regulate turbine speed and power output to match changing consumer demand loads. The governing system senses speed changes and adjusts the steam control valve opening to change the turbine power output. This action stops the power mismatch but leaves a speed error. The document defines regulation or droop as the percentage change in speed that causes a 100% change in power output. It provides diagrams of typical speed governing system block diagrams and steady-state droop characteristics. It explains how adding a speed changer to the governor facilitates controlling frequency to 60Hz regardless of load changes.

Uploaded by

Hartoyo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • General Background and Speed Governors: Introduces the background and basic concepts associated with speed governors in power systems.
  • Structure of Power System: Illustrates the components and layout of a typical power system network.
  • Fundamentals of Speed Governing: Explains the basic principles and mechanical-hydraulic system setups for speed governing in turbines.
  • Need for Speed Governing System: Discusses the importance of speed regulation for maintaining turbine efficiency and grid frequency.
  • Block Diagram for Speed Governing System: Details the block diagram representing the components involved in the speed governing process.
  • Regulation or Droop Characteristic: Describes the droop characteristic, its impact on power output, and speed regulation.
  • Response of Governor with Output Feedback: Examines the response characteristics of governors under output feedback conditions.
  • Steady-State Speed Characteristic Diagrams: Explains the steady-state speed characteristics and adjustments with speed changers through diagrams.

Unit 1

GENERAL BACKGROUND AND SPEED


GOVERNORS
STRUCTURE OF POWER SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS OF SPEED GOVERNING

Fig: Schematic of a mechanical-hydraulic governor for a


hydro turbine
NEED FOR SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM

Governing system is an important control system in


the power plant as it regulates the turbine speed, power
and participates in the grid frequency regulation.
The load on a turbine generating unit does not remain
constant and can vary as per consumer requirement.

 The mismatch between load and generation results in the


speed (or frequency) variation.

When the load varies, the generation also has to vary to


match it to keep the speed constant. This job is done by the
governing system.
 Speed which is an indicator of the generation – load mismatch
is used to increase or decrease the generation.

 The steam flow through the control valve is proportional to the


valve opening in the operating range. So when valve position
changes, turbine steam flow changes and turbine power output
also changes proportionally. Thus governing system changes
the turbine mechanical power output.

 The rate of speed change is governed by the inertia of the


entire rotor system. In the grid connected condition, only
power pumped into the system changes when governing
system changes the valve opening
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM
REGULATION OR DROOP CHARACTERISTIC
 Whenever there is a mismatch in power, speed changes. the
governing system senses this speed change and adjusts valve
opening which in turn changes power output. This action stops
once the power mismatch is made zero. But the speed error
remains.
 change in power output for a change in speed is decided by
the ‘regulation’. If 4 % change in speed causes 100 % change
in power output, then the regulation is said to be 4 % (or in per
unit 0.04).
 The regulation can be expressed in the form of power –
frequency characteristic shown in fig .At 100 % load the
generation is also 100 %, frequency (or speed) is also 100%.
When load reduces frequency increases, as generation remains the
same. When load reduces by 50 %, frequency increases by 2 %, in the
characteristic shown.

When load reduces by 100 %, frequency increases by 4 %. In other


words 4 % rise in frequency should reduce power generation by 100
%. This 4 % is called ‘droop’ of 4 %. The characteristic is of
‘drooping’ type.

Droop or regulation is an important parameter in the frequency


regulation. In thermal power plants droop value is generally 4 % or 5
%.
RESPONSE OF GOVERNOR WITH OUTPUT FEEDBACK
STEADY-STATE SPEED CHARACTERISTIC (DROOP)
CURVE
The system frequency reaches steady-state at a
value that causes the sum of the generator output
MW to be equal to the system load MW.

With this type of governor, when the system load


increases, the system frequency decreases and
visaversa.
How do we control frequency to 60HZ, no matter
what the load is?
STEADY-STATE SPEED CHARACTERISTIC WITH SPEED
CHANGER
POWER OUTPUT AS A FUNCTION OF
FREQUENCY
 How does the addition of the speed changer to the
governor facilitate the control of frequency?

The system frequency reaches steady-state at a value


that causes the sum of the on-line generator output
MW to be equal to the system load MW.

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