CHAPTER 5:

PLANE BENDING
(PART 1)
 Contents

1 General concepts

2 Pure bending

3 Non-uniform bending

4 Stress concentration

5 Elastic strain energy

6 Deflection of beam

7 Statically indeterminate beams

I. General concepts
I. General concepts
I. General concepts
I. General concepts
I. General concepts
I. General concepts

Plane bending

M Π
q P

z
x

M
q P
I. General concepts

Un-symmetric bending

Π
M q P α

z
x
y
I. General concepts
Shear force and bending moment diagram
a. Shear force diagram (Qy)
Step 1: Q ph
 Q tr
P
y y

dQy Qy  0
q
dz
Step 2:
 Q Đ  RĐC
Q Cy y
q
a. Bending moment diagram (Mx)

Step 1:
M ph
x  M xtr  0
M Mx 
dM 0
 y
x
Q
Step 2: dz
M C
x  M xĐ  SQĐ C
y
I. General concepts

Pure bending and Non-uniform bending

M P

l l
Qy Qy
P
M Pl
Mx Mx

Qy = 0, Mx # 0 Qy # 0, Mx # 0

Pure bending Non-uniform bending

II. Pure bending

2.1. Bending deformation

II. Pure bending

2.1. Bending deformation

1. section remains Plane
section
Plane remains perpendicular
plane. to
longitudinal axis. the
τ=0

2.Length of longitudinal axis remains

unchanged.

3.In-plane distortion of section is

negligible
σx = σy = 0

=>Stress σz # 0
II. Pure bending

2.2. Stress due bending

Consider a beam segment of length dz.
A
y
x
dφ
ρ-y
Neutral axis
ρ

Normal strain along CD

C’ D’ CD  CD d  y  d y

 z CD  d  
A B
Hooke’s law:

C D (a)
 z  Ez  E y
A
II. Pure bending

2.2. Stress due bending

dF
A
For static equilibrium x σz
y
x
 Z 0N z   z dF  0 Mx
y E F
E dF   ydF
F
 F z
y
 Sx   ydF  0
F

Sx – first moment of cross-sectional area about axis x

=> First moment with respect to neutral plane is zero. Therefore, the
neutral surface must pass through the section centroid.
II. Pure bending

2.2. Stress due bending A

dF
x σz
For static equilibrium y
x
Mx
M x    z  ydF     y2 dF    y dF
E E 2

F F F
z
y

Replace J x   y 2 dF – section moment of inertia about neutral axis

F
x
E
 Mx   J x (b)

From formula (a), we have: E z


 y

Thay vào (b): M x   z Jx z Mx

 J y
y
x
II. Pure bending

2.2. Stress due bending

 z  Mx y
Jx
Where:
+ Mx – bending moment of section
+ Jx – section moment of inertia about neutral axis x
+ y – perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to a
point
where the normal stress is to be determined
On the section: Mx = const and Jx = const

= > Normal stress varies linearly

II. Pure bending

2.2. Stress due bending

Stress distribution z  Mx y
J x


Mx  min

n
y max
min z
z h

x x k
y max

y 
y max
max

 k
–
 max  J x y ten
M max y max
 x

 min  M x y max
n
comp ymax –
Jx
II. Pure bending

2.2. Stress due bending 

* Symmetry section: k
y max  y nmax
n
min

y max
 ma  mi 
Mx
x n x
W k
y max
Jx 
Wx  – section modulus
ymax max

Geometric Properties of Structural Shapes

II. Pure bending
II. Pure bending
II. Pure bending

2.2. Stress due bending

* Un-symmetric k
y max  y nmax
section:

 max  J x y max
M k - maximum tension stress
 x

 - maximum compression stress
 min  MJ x y max
n
x

 max   min
II. Pure bending

2.4. Condition of reliability



Mx  min

n
y max
min z
z h

x x k
y max

y 
y max
max

Mx Mx
 max 
k
.ymax 
Jx W xk
  k

Brittle materials:
Mx Mx
  n
.ymax  
Jx W xn
  n
min
 Mx Mx
Elastic materials:   xk , xn    k   n  
max  max ,  min  W W 
II. Pure bending

Problem: If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of M =90kN.cm,

determine the bending stress in the beam at points A and B.
Sketch (draw) the bending stress distribution over the beam’s cross
section.
II. Pure bending

Problem: If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of M =10kN.m,

determine the bending stress in the beam at points A and B.
Determine the maximum tension tress and the maximum compression
stress.
II. Pure bending

Problem: If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of M =8kN.m,

determine the bending stress in the beam at points A and B.
Determine the maximum tension tress and the maximum compression
stress.
II. Pure bending

Problem: If the beam is subjected to a bending moment of M = 500

kN.cm, determine the bending stress in the beam at points A and B.
Determine the maximum tension tress and the maximum
compression stress.

B A
II. Pure bending

Problem: The beam is made from three boards nailed together as shown.
If the moment acting on the cross section is M = 600N.m, determine the
bending stress produces on the top board.
II. Pure bending

Problem: If the beam is made of material having an allowable tensile

and compressive stress of [σ]t = 24ksi and [σ]c = 22ksi respectively,
determine the maximum allowable internal moment M that can be
applied to the beam.
II. Pure bending

Problem: A member has the triangular cross section shown. Determine

the largest internal moment M that can be applied to the cross section
without exceeding allowable tensile and compressive stresses of (σallow)t
= 154 MPa and (σallow)c = 105 MPa, respectively.
II. Pure bending

Problem: If the built-up beam is subjected to an internal moment of

determine the maximum tensile and compressive stress acting in the
beam.
II. Pure bending

Problem: The aluminum machine part is subjected to a moment of M =

75kN.m. Determine the bending stress created at points B and C on the
cross section. Sketch the results on a volume element located at each
of these points.
II. Pure bending

Problem: The beam is subjected to a moment of 20 kN·m.

Determine the maximum bending stress developed in the beam.
II. Pure bending

Problem: The beam is subjected to a moment of M = 40 N·m. Determine

the bending stress acting at point A and B.
II. Pure bending

Problem: If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of M = 3

kN.m, determine the maximum tensile and compressive stress in the
beam.
II. Pure bending

Problem: If the beam is subjected to an internal moment of M=100kN.m

determine the bending stress developed at points A, B, and C.
III. Non-uniform bending

Qy  0 Mx 
and 0

Mx
Mx z  y Normal stress
Jx

Qy zy  ?? Transverse shear stress

?
III. Non-uniform bending

3.1. Shear in straight member

Qy
III. Non-uniform bending

3.2. The shear formula

QyS A
 x
Where S xA   ydA  y ' A
A' '
Jx t
III. Non-uniform bending

3.2. The shear formula

QyS A
 x

Jx t Qy

Where
+ τ – the shear stress in the member at the point located a distance y’
from the neutral axis.
+ Qy – the internal resultant shear force
+ t – the width of the member’s cross-sectional area
+ S xA  yA
III. Non-uniform bending

Rectangular cross section

Shear stress distribution is parabolic
y
y


max
h x

Qy
b

6Qy  2 2 3
  h  y   max Q
y

bh3  4  2
A
III. Non-uniform bending

Wide – flange beam

III. Non-uniform bending

Problem: A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown in figure.

If it is subjected to a shear of V = 80kN, plot the shear-stress
distribution acting over the beam’s cross-sectional area.
III. Non-uniform bending

Solutions

• The moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the

neutral axis is

J   1 0.015 0.23 

x 1

2 
 2  1 0.30.023  0.30.02 0.112   155.6 106 
1

m 2
4


• For point B, tB’ = 0.3m, and A’ is the dark

shaded area shown in Fig. 7–11c
SB
 y ' A '  0.11 0.3  0.02   0.66 1 0  3 
'

mQ S
3 8 0  1 0 3
0.66 1 0 3

B'  y' B   1.13 M P a

J xt B ' 
III. Non-uniform bending
Solutions
• For point B, tB = 0.015m, and QB = QB’,

VQ  8 0  1 0 3
0.66 1 0 3
  
B B 22.6 M P a
It B  
1 5 5.6 1 0  6 0.0 1 5 

• For point C, tC = 0.015m, and A’ is the dark

• shaded area in Fig. 7–11d.

• Considering this area to be composed of two rectangles,

Q C   y ' A '  0 .1 10 .3 0 .0 2   0 .0 5 0 .0 1 5 0 .1   0 .7 3 51 0  3
m 3
V Qc 
80 10 0 .7 3 5 1 0
It  1 5 5.6 1 0
3 3
  m ax   25.2 M P a
• Thus,  C
0.0 1 5 
C

6
III. Non-uniform bending

3.3. Stress in cross-section

 min
A
B B B
z
C
x  max
D D
D
E 
y
max

C A
E
 max   Mx n
 min   A  ymax
 max  E 
Mx k
ymax
 J
C
x
Jx

B
D
 D
B Mx Mx
B  yB  D yD
Jx Jx
III. Non-uniform bending

3.4. Stress in inclined section

Known: σz , τzy ,α u u
u
Find: σu , τuv σz σz σz

τzy uv

τzy v

 z z zy sin
      
u
U 0 2 2 cos 2 2

 
 z
sin 2 zy cos
  V  0   uv 2
2

The maximum normal stress:
du 2yz
0 tg 2 principal planes of stress
d z

The principal stress:  ma  z  1 2z 42

x 2 2 zy
III. Non-uniform bending

3.4. Stress in inclined section


  sin
 U  0  u  2 z  2 z cos 2 zy
 2

  cos
 V  0  uv  2 z sin 2 zy
2
  
The maximum shear stress:
d uv
0 
d tg2  2 z
yz

1
2   2  4
ma
x 2
min
z

zy
III. Non-uniform bending

3.5. Condition of reliability

At point A and E
A
 min Mx n
 min   A  ymax
A
B B   Jx
z B
C
x  max E
D D Mx k
D  max   E ymax
Jx
E  
y
max

Mx
 max   k
max k
 .ymax
Jx
Condition of reliability: 
Mx
  
max
 n
.y max n
Jx
min 
III. Non-uniform bending

3.5. Condition of reliability

At point C:
 min
A
B B B C
z
C  max  
x  max
D D C
D
E 
y
max

  F
 Q yS x2   
Condition of reliability:  max  max
F
 
J 2 
x .b
III. Non-uniform bending

3.4. Condition of reliability

At points B, D:
 min B

A B 
B B Mx
z B B 
C y Bx J
x  max D
D D D
D
M
E  D  J x yD
y x
max

M
Normal stress  z  Jx y
x

QyS xA
Shear stress  zy 
J xt
Criteria of reliability  2  4
2
  
3: z

  3 2   
2 zy
Criteria of reliability z zy