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Ac Quantities

The document discusses various quantities related to AC circuits: 1) Resistance opposes AC current similar to DC, while reactance depends on AC frequency and results from inductance and capacitance. 2) Inductive and capacitive reactance are defined along with inductive and capacitive susceptance. 3) Impedance is the total opposition to AC current and is the combination of resistance and reactance. Impedance can be expressed using phasors. 4) Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance and can be expressed as conductance and susceptance components.

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774 views7 pages

Ac Quantities

The document discusses various quantities related to AC circuits: 1) Resistance opposes AC current similar to DC, while reactance depends on AC frequency and results from inductance and capacitance. 2) Inductive and capacitive reactance are defined along with inductive and capacitive susceptance. 3) Impedance is the total opposition to AC current and is the combination of resistance and reactance. Impedance can be expressed using phasors. 4) Admittance is the reciprocal of impedance and can be expressed as conductance and susceptance components.

Uploaded by

srinivas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

AC QUANTITIES

RESISTANCE (R)
 Opposes the AC current similar to DC circuits
 Opposition offered by resistors

REACTANCE (X)
 Depends on the AC frequency of the AC source which is the
opposition to current due to inductance and capacitance

BASIC AC THEORY
AC QUANTITIES
Inductive Reactance (XL)
• The property of the inductor to oppose the alternating current

XL = 2πfL
Inductive Susceptance (BL)
• Reciprocal of inductive reactance
BL = 1 BL = 1
XL 2πfL
Capacitive Reactance (XC)
• The property of a capacitor to oppose alternating current
XC = 1

Capacitive Susceptance (BC) 2πfC


• Reciprocal of capacitive reactance
BL = 1 BL = 2πfC
XC
d
BASIC AC THEORY
AC QUANTITIES
IMPEDANCE (Z)
 Total opposition to the flow of Alternating current
 Combination of the resistance in a circuit and the reactances involved

Z = R + jXeq Z = |Z| ∠φ

Where: |Z| = √ R2 + X2
φ = Arctan Xeq
R

Phasor Diagram of Impedance


BASIC AC THEORY
AC QUANTITIES
 If I = Im ∠β is the resulting current drawn by a passive, linear RLC circuit from a
source voltage V = Vm ∠θ, then
Z = V = Vm ∠θ = Z
∠φ
I Im ∠β
Z cosφ + jZsin φ = R + jX = √ R2 + X2 ∠ tan-1 X
R

Where: Z = Vm = √ R2 + X2 = magnitude of the impedance


Im
φ = θ – β = tan-1 X = phase angle of the impedance
R
R = Zcos φ = active or real component of the impedance

X = Zsin φ = reactive or quadrature component of impedance

BASIC AC THEORY
AC QUANTITIES
ADMITTANCE (Y)
 The reciprocal of impedance
 Expressed in siemens or mho (S)

Y = Im ∠ β – θ = Y = Ycos φy + jYsin φy = G + jB
Vm
Y = √ G2 + B2 ∠ tan-1 B
G

Where: Y = Im = √ G2 + B2 = 1 = magnitude of the admittance


Z
φy = β – θ = φ = tan-1 B = phase angle of the admittance
G
G = Ycos φy = conductive/conductance component

B = Ysin φy = susceptive/susceptance component


BASIC AC THEORY
AC RESISTOR CIRCUIT

Impedance (Z) = R

With an AC circuit like this which is purely resistive, the relationship of the voltage and
current is as shown:

 Voltage (e) is in phase with the current (i)


 Power is never a negative value. When the current is positive (above the line), the
voltage is also positive, resulting in a power (p=ie) of a positve value
 This consistent “polarity” of a power tell us that the resistor is always dissipating
power, taking it from the source and releasing it in the form of heat energy. Whether
the current is negative or positive, a resistor still dissipated energy.
AC CIRCUITS
AC INDUCTOR CIRCUIT

Impedance (Z) = jXL

 The most distinguishing electrical characteristics of an L circuit is that current lags voltage by 90
electrical degrees

 Because the current and voltage waves arae 90 o out of phase, there sre times when one is positive
while the other is negative, resulting in equally frequent occurences of negative instantaneous power.
 Negative power means that the inductor is releasing power back to the circuit, while a positive power
means that it is absorbing power from the circuit.
 The inductor releases just as much power back to the circuit as it absorbs over the span of a complete
cycle.
AC CIRCUITS

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