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Stack Sampling
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Stack
• A stack is a structure for venting hot flue
gases or smoke from a boiler, stove,
furnace or fireplace to the outside
atmosphere.
• These are typically vertical to ensure
that the gases flow smoothly through
them.
• The height of stack plays an important
role in their ability to transfer flue gases
and it varies for different industries.
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Sampling
• Stack sampling or source sampling may be defined as a
method of collecting representative samples of pollutant
laden air/gases at the place of origin of pollutants to
determine the total amount of pollutants emitted into the
atmosphere from a given source in a given time.
• Stack sampling is performed by inserting a measuring
device into the stack to obtain a sample of flume.
• The purpose of stack sampling is to determine the
quantity, quality & the type of pollutants emitted from a
specific source, efficiency of the pollutant collector & to
determine an appropriate design for air pollution control
equipment.
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Uses to stack
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sampling
To determine the quantity and quality of the pollutant emitted by the source.
To measure the efficiency of the control equipment by conducting a survey before and after installation
To determine the effect on the emission due to changes in raw materials and processes.
To compare the efficiency of different control equipment for a given condition.
To acquire data from an innocuous individual source so as to determine the cumulative effect of many such
sources.
To compare with the emission standards in order to assess the need for local control
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Planning the Master
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• Familiarity of the process and operations to determine the time of
cyclic operations, peak loading that might cause variations in the
characteristics.
• Method of sampling
• Method of analysis of samples
• Sampling time because certain industries undergo cyclic changes
• Amount of sample required
• Sampling frequency
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Parameters Master title style
be considered
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Sampling Master title style
System
General arrangement of sampling train
• Stack sampling is carried out by diverting a
part of the gas stream through a sampling
“train” of which a general arrangement is
shown In fig.
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Sampling Master title style
System
• The train consists of a nozzle placed in the gas stream, a sampling probe through which the sample is drawn at
different traverses, particulate and gas collection devices, a flow measuring device and a prime mover such as
a vacuum pump or an ejector.
• Nozzle: It is at the end of the probe is sharp edged, pointing inward from the outside edge and the traversing
probe is made of stainless steel with glass or Teflon lining.
• For Sampling hot gases whose temperature are above 400 0C, these probes are provided with a circulating
coolant system to prevent combustion of particulate materials inside the probe and to prevent the temperature
from exceeding the maximum allowable temperature of filtration materials.
• Devices: Collection of particulates: Filtration, wet of dry impingement, impaction, electrostatic and thermal
precipitation
• Collection of gases: Absorption, adsorption, freeze out
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Sampling Master title style
System
• Flow measurement: Use rotameter or orifice meter or dry gas meter if the information on the total
volume of the gas sampled is required. Normally placed after the collection devices and upstream of a
vacuum pump so that any leak in the vacuum pump will not cause errors in the gas volume
measurements
• Isokinetic Conditions:
• The efficiency of the sampling depends on the condition at which sampling was carried out. The sample
collected must be representative like a composite wastewater collection.
• This can be achieved by isokinetic sampling
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Isokinetic Master title style
Sampling
Isokinetic sampling can be
achieved by two ways:
1. By calculating the point
velocity of the free stream
with a pitot tube located as
near to the sampling probe
as possible without
interfering with the free
stream and then adjusting
the sampling velocity.
2. By using a null type
sampling probe
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Thank You
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