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The Urinary System: Essentials

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839 views30 pages

The Urinary System: Essentials

Uploaded by

Rue Cheng Ma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
  • Micturition (Voiding)
  • Maintaining Water Balance
  • Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption
  • Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
  • Blood Buffers
  • The Bicarbonate Buffer System
  • Respiratory System Controls of Acid-Base Balance
  • Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance
  • Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
  • Aging and the Urinary System

15

PART B
The Urinary System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION

ELAINE N. MARIEB

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Urinary Bladder
 Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
 Temporarily stores urine

Figure 15.6
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Urinary Bladder
 Trigone – three openings
 Two from the ureters
 One to the urethrea

Figure 15.6
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Urinary Bladder Wall
 Three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor
muscle)
 Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
 Walls are thick and folded in an empty
bladder
 Bladder can expand significantly without
increasing internal pressure

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Urethra
 Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the
bladder to the outside of the body by
peristalsis
 Release of urine is controlled by two
sphincters
 Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
 External urethral sphincter (voluntary)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Urethra Gender Differences
 Length
 Females – 3–4 cm (1 inch)
 Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
 Location
 Females – along wall of the vagina
 Males – through the prostate and penis

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Urethra Gender Differences
 Function
 Females – only carries urine
 Males – carries urine and is a passageway
for sperm cells

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Micturition (Voiding)
 Both sphincter muscles must open to allow
voiding
 The internal urethral sphincter is
relaxed after stretching of the bladder
 Activation is from an impulse sent to the
spinal cord and then back via the pelvic
splanchnic nerves
 The external urethral sphincter must be
voluntarily relaxed

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


 Micturition Reflex= 200- 300mL
 Urination proper= 500-800 mL
 “DRIBBLES” = 801 mL

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Maintaining Water Balance
 Normal amount of water in the human body
 Young adult females – 50%
 Young adult males – 60%
 Babies – 75%
 Old age – 45%
 Water is necessary for many body functions
and levels must be maintained

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Distribution of Body Fluid
 Intracellular fluid
(inside cells)
 Extracellular fluid
(outside cells)
 Interstitial fluid
 Blood plasma

Figure 15.8
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Link Between Water and Salt
 Changes in electrolyte balance causes water
to move from one compartment to another
 Alters blood volume and blood pressure
 Can impair the activity of cells

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Maintaining Water Balance
 WATER INTAKE = WATER OUTPUT
 Sources for water intake
 Ingested foods and fluids
 Water produced from metabolic processes
 Sources for water output
 Vaporization out of the lungs
 Lost in perspiration
 Leaves the body in the feces
 Urine production

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Maintaining Water Balance
 Dilute urine is produced if water intake is
excessive
 Less urine (concentrated) is produced if
large amounts of water are lost
 Proper concentrations of various electrolytes
must be present

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Regulation of Water and Electrolyte
Reabsorption
 Regulation is primarily by hormones
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents
excessive water loss in urine
 Aldosterone regulates sodium ion content
of extracellular fluid
 Triggered by the rennin-angiotensin
mechanism
 Cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus are
active monitors
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maintaining Water and Electrolyte
Balance

Figure 15.10
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
 Blood pH must remain between 7.35 and
7.45 to maintain homeostasis
 Alkalosis – pH above 7.45
 Acidosis – pH below 7.35
 Most ions originate as byproducts of cellular
metabolism
 KIDNEYS AND LUNGS work to maintain
the acid-base balance

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


 Dec Ph level= ACIDIC
 Inc Ph level= ALKALOSIS

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
ACID-BASE BALANCE
 Ph 7.35-7.45
 HCO3: 35-45
 PACO2: 22-26

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
 Most acid-base balance is maintained by the
kidneys
 Other acid-base controlling systems
 Blood buffers
 Respiration

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Blood Buffers
 Molecules react to prevent dramatic changes
in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations
 Bind to H+ when pH drops
 Release H+ when pH rises

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


The Bicarbonate Buffer System
 Mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
 Bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) react with strong
acids to change them to weak acids
 Carbonic acid dissociates in the presence of
a strong base to form a weak base and
water

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


The Bicarbonate Buffer System
 Needs good renal function (HCO3-
regulation)
 Converts H+ (hydrogen) to H2CO3
(carbonic acid) which is then able to be
“blown off” via the lungs as CO2.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Respiratory System Controls of Acid-
Base Balance
 Carbon dioxide in the blood is converted to
bicarbonate ion and transported in the plasma
 Increases in hydrogen ion concentration
produces more carbonic acid
 Excess hydrogen ion can be blown off with
the release of carbon dioxide from the lungs
 Respiratory rate can rise and fall depending
on changing blood pH

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Respiratory System Controls of Acid-
Base Balance
 CO2 diffuses passively into the cerebrospinal
fluid and the medulla controls rate and depth
of respiration
 Dependent on HCO3- stores and adequate gas
exchange

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Renal Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance
 Excrete bicarbonate ions if needed
 Conserve or generate new bicarbonate ions if
needed
 Urine pH varies from 4.5 to 8.0

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Developmental Aspects of the Urinary
System
 Functional kidneys are developed by the third
month
 Urinary system of a newborn
 Bladder is small
 Urine cannot be concentrated

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Developmental Aspects of the Urinary
System
 Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter
does not start until age 18 months
 Urinary infections are the only common
problems before old age

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Aging and the Urinary System
 There is a progressive decline in urinary
function
 The bladder shrinks with aging
 Urinary retention is common in males

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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