Chapter 5

Gases
Barometer
The tube is sealed at
the top and open at the
bottom in the mercury
pool.

Measures atmospheric
pressure.
As the air pressure
rises, it pushes down
more on the pool,
forcing mercury up
higher in the column.

As air pressure falls,

it allows more
mercury to drain out
 Recall…
• Standard pressure in the three units are

760 mm Hg = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa

1 mm Hg = 1 torr so all also = 760 torr
NEW: = 14.7 psi
 Manometer
• Measures pressure of a gas in a closed
container
 Boyle’s Law
• Robert Boyle described the relationship
between pressure (P) and volume (V) of a gas.
• As V increases, P decreases. As V decreases,
P increases.
• This is an inversely proportional relationship.
When one variable goes up, the other goes
down.
 Boyle’s Law

P1V1 = P2V2

•Boyle Visual
 Boyle’s Law - Example
• The gas in a balloon has a volume of 7.5L at
100kPa. The balloon is released into the
atmosphere, and the gas expands to a volume of
11L. Assuming temperature is constant, what is
the new pressure?

Answer: 68 kPa
 Charles’ Law
• Jacques Charles observed the
relationship between volume (V)
and temperature (T).
• As T up, V also up. As T down, V
down.
• This is a directly proportional
relationship. When one variable
goes up, the other goes up too.
V1/T1 = V2/T2

•Charles Visual
 Charles’s Law - Example
• A gas sample occupies 2.5L at 300.0K.
What volume will the gas occupy at
80.0K?

Answer: 0.67L
 Guy-Lussac’s Law
• Joseph Guy-Lussac studied the
relationship between pressure (P) and
temperature (T).
• As T up, P also up. As T down, so did P.
• This is a directly proportional relationship.
As one variable goes one way, so does
the other.
P1/T1 = P2/T2
 Guy-Lussac’s Law - Example
• A gas has a pressure of 6.58kPa at 539K. If
the temperature is decreased to 211K at a
constant volume, what will the resulting
pressure be?

Answer: 2.58 kPa

 Combined Gas Law
• Often volume, temperature, and pressure
all change at the same time.
• Deals with a fixed amount of gas.
• T represents temperature in Kelvin
• Units must match on both sides
P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
 Example
• A gas at 155 kPa and 25ºC occupies
a container with initial volume of 1.00
L. By changing the volume, the
pressure of the gas increases to 605
kPa and the temperature is raised to
125ºC. What is the new volume?
• Answer: 0.342 L
 Ideal Gas Law
• PV=nRT
• NEED KELVIN
• R = 0.08206 L(atm)/K(mol)
• NEED ATM TO USE THIS R
 Example
• You fill a rigid steel container (volume
= 20.0 L) with nitrogen gas to a final
pressure of 2.00 * 104 kPa at 28ºC.
How many moles of nitrogen gas
does the cylinder contain?

Answer: 1.60 * 102 mol N2(g)

 Another Example
• What pressure will be exerted
by 0.450 mol of a gas at 25ºC
if it is contained in a 0.650 L
vessel?

Answer: 16.9atm
 Molar Volume

• One mole of an ideal gas takes up

22.42 liters of space (the last
branch of the mole roadmap)
 Molar Mass Using Density
• Molar mass = dRT
P
Example: the density of a gas was
measured at 1.50 atm and 27ºC and
found to be 1.95 g/L. Calculate the
molar mass of the gas.
Answer: 32.0 g/mol
 Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressures
• The total pressure of a gas mixture is the
sum of the partial pressures of the
component gases.
• Ptotal = P1+P2+P3+P4+…
• For a mixture of ideal gases, the total
number of moles of particles is important,
not identity/composition
 Simple Example
• A gas mixture containing oxygen,
nitrogen, and carbon dioxide has a total
pressure of 32.9 kPa. If PO2=6.6 kPa and
PN2=23.0 kPa, what is PCO2?
• COMPLEX EXAMPLE pg. 200 in book!
 Mole Fraction
• Ratio of moles of solute to total
number of moles of solute(s)
and solvent
• No unit necessary
• Watch out for significant figures
 Formula
• X1 or 2 = mole fraction of solute 1 or 2
• 1: solute 1
• 2: solvent
X1 = n1 _
n1 + n2

X2 = n2 _
n2 + n1
 Example
• Calculate the mole fraction of
each component in a solution of
42.0g CH3OH, 35.0g C2H5OH,
and 50.0g C3H7OH.
• Answers: CH3OH = 0.451,
C2H5OH = 0.262, C3H7OH = 0.287
• (should add up to make 1)
 Also…
• Mole fraction also works with pressures:

• X1 or 2 = mole fraction of solute 1 or 2

• 1: solute 1
• 2: solvent
X1 = p1 _ X2 = p2 _
p1 + p2 p2 + p1
 Collecting Gas Over Water
• Vapor pressure
• Go over example pg. 204
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
1. The volume of the individual particles
can be assumed to be negligible
(zero).
• Gases are mostly empty space.
• Gas particles are not attracted to each other.
 2. Gas particles are in constant motion.
The collisions of the particles with the
walls of the container are the cause of
the pressure exerted by the gas.

3. The particles are assumed to exert no forces

on each other; they are assumed neither to
attract nor to repel each other.

• Elastic means no loss of energy.

• Like two billiard balls hitting each other – energy
can be transferred but not lost.
4. The average kinetic energy of a collection of
gas particles is assumed to be directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the
gas.

Only explains properties of an ideal gas. A real

gas does not conform to these…

We can relate each of the gas laws to the KMT.

Average Kinetic Energy Calculation
• KEavg = (3/2)RT
• R = 8.3145 J/Kmol
• T = KELVIN!

• Example: Calculate the temperature of a

mole of nitrogen molecules if the internal
energy is 2.11 X 104 J. Assume ideal gas
behavior.
• Answer: 1692K = 1419ºC
 Root Mean Square Velocity (urms)
urms = √(3RT/M)

• R = 8.3145 J/K(mol)
• T = temp in KELVIN
• M = mass of one mole in
KILOGRAMS (use the molar
mass from the periodic table
and convert to kg/mol)
 RMS Example
• Calculate the root mean square velocity for
the atoms in a sample of oxygen gas at 0ºC.
• Answer: 461 m/s

• At 300ºC
• Answer: 668 m/s
 Graham’s Law of Effusion
• Diffusion: Movement of particles from
areas of higher concentration to lower
concentration
• Effusion: The process where molecules of
a gas in a container randomly pass
through a hole in the container.
 Graham’s Law of Effusion
Rate of Effusion for gas 1 = √M2
Rate of Effusion for gas 2 √M1

M = molar masses of the gases

Example 1: Compare the rate of effusion

of carbon dioxide with that of
hydrogen chloride at the same
temperature and pressure.
Answer: CO2 effuses 0.9X as fast as HCl.
 Example #2
If a molecule of neon gas travels at an
average of 400m/s at a given temp.,
estimate the average speed of a
molecule of butane gas, C4H10, at the
same temp.

Answer: 235 m/s

 Summary…

Larger GFM = slower rate

of effusion.
 Real Gases
• No gas actually follows the ideal gas
law
• Some come close at low pressures
and/or high temperatures
• Under certain conditions (see above),
gases behave more like ideal gases
 Van der Waals Equation
• Corrects the ideal gas equation to take nonideal
conditions into account
(P + n2a)(V-nb) = nRT
V2
P= pressure of gas (atm)
V = volume of gas (L)
n = moles of gas
T = temperature (K)
R = 0.08206 L(atm)/mol(K)
 Defining Variables…MORE.
a = a constant, different for
each gas, that takes into
account the attractive
forces between molecules
(table 5.3 pg. 216)
b = a constant, different for
each gas, that takes into
account the volume of each
molecule (table 5.3 pg. 216)
 Example
• Calculate the pressure exerted by 0.3000 mol
of He in a 0.2000 L container at -25.0ºC
– Using the ideal gas law
– Answer: 30.53 atm
– Using van der Waal’s equation
– Answer: 31.60 atm
• You can calculate percent error: 3%
Pollution and Atmospheric Gases

• Your book discusses these - you can

read about them at the end of chapter 5,
but we will not be going over them in
class…