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Types and Reactions of Batteries

Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. They are either primary batteries that cannot be recharged or secondary batteries that can be recharged. Common primary batteries include dry cells and mercury cells, while common secondary batteries include lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. Fuel cells generate electricity through continuous redox reactions of fuels like hydrogen. Corrosion is the undesirable reaction of metals with the environment that forms compounds like rust; it can be prevented through various protective coatings and techniques.

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LATHA JANARTHANAN
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151 views20 pages

Types and Reactions of Batteries

Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. They are either primary batteries that cannot be recharged or secondary batteries that can be recharged. Common primary batteries include dry cells and mercury cells, while common secondary batteries include lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. Fuel cells generate electricity through continuous redox reactions of fuels like hydrogen. Corrosion is the undesirable reaction of metals with the environment that forms compounds like rust; it can be prevented through various protective coatings and techniques.

Uploaded by

LATHA JANARTHANAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

BATTERIES

 one or more electrical cells that convert chemical energy


into electrical energy. 
a galvanic cell where redox reactions take place 
Oxidation reduction reaction.
Should be light and compact
Reasonably long life both when used or not in use.
Voltage should not vary appreciably
TYPES OF COMMERCIAL CELLS
PRIMARY BATTERIES – electrode reaction cannot be reversed
by supplying an external electric energy.
Not chargeable
Eg. Dry cell and Mercury cell

SECONDARY BATTERIES – electrode reaction can be reversed


by supplying electrical energy.
Can be recharged by passing electric current and used again
and again
Storage cells
Eg. Lead storage battery, nickel cadmium storage cell.
DRY CELL- PRIMARY CELL
Dry cell
Anode – Zn
Cathode – Carbon rod surrounded by
manganese dioxide and carbon
Electrolyte – paste of ammonium
chloride and zinc chloride.
Reactions in dry cell
At Anode Zn(s) –> Zn2+ (aq) + 2e–

At Cathode MnO2 + NH4+ + e- → MnO(OH) + NH3↑


Net Cell reaction :
Zn + MnO2 + NH4+ -
→ MnO(OH) + Zn2+ + NH3↑
NH3 + Zn2+ → [Zn(NH3)4]2+
MERCURY CELL
Mercury cell
Anode : Zinc mercury amalgam
Cathode : Carbon + HgO
Electrolyte : paste of KOH and ZnO
Anode : Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2 e-
Zn2+ + 2OH- → Zn(OH)2
Zn(OH)2 → ZnO + H2O

Net Anodic reaction Zn(s) + 2OH- → ZnO + H2O +2 e-

Cathodic reaction HgO(s) + H2O +2 e- → Hg(l) + 2OH-

Net Cell reaction : Zn(s) + HgO(s) -


→ Hg(l) + ZnO(s)
LEAD STORAGE BATTERY
LEAD STORAGE BATTERY
Anode : Lead
Cathode : Grid of lead packed with
lead dioxide
Electrolyte : 38% sulphuric acid
with density 1.30 g/ml
At Anode : Pb(s) → Pb2+ + 2 e-
Pb2+ + SO42- → PbSO4 (s)
Net anodic reaction Pb(s) + SO42- → PbSO4 (s) + 2 e-
At cathode : PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2e- → Pb2+ + 2H2O
Pb2+ + SO42- → PbSO4 (s)
Net Cathodic reaction :
PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + SO42 + 2e- → PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O
Net Cell reaction :
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O
NICAD CELL
Anode : Cadmium
Cathode : NiO2
Electrolyte : KOH

Cd(s) + 2Ni(OH)3 → CdO(s) + 2Ni(OH)2(s) + H2O(l)


FUEL CELL
They are galvanic cells in which the energy jof
combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane,
methanol etc is directly converted into electrical
energy.
High efficiency
Continuous source of energy
Pollution free working.
Fuel cell
Anode [H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l) + 2 e-] x 2

Cathode O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4 e- → 4OH-(aq)

Overall 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)


CORROSION
When metals are exposed to atmospheric conditions,
they react with air or water in the environment to form
undesirable compounds usually oxides. This process is
called corrosion.

Corrosion in iron is called rusting in which a brown


coloured substance called rust is formed.
Rust is hydrated Ferric oxide Fe2O3. xH2O
FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION
Position of metals in the e.m.f series.

Presence of impurities in metal

Presence of electrolytes

Presence of CO2 in water

Presence of protective coating.


Mechanism of Rusting of iron
Can be explained by electrochemical theory
Non uniform surface of metal or impurities present in
iron behave like small electric cells called corrosion
couples
Anode : Iron
Cathode : impurities
Electrolyte : moisture containing dissolved gases
like CO2
Mechanism
At Anode Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e- ] x 2
H2O(l) ↔ H+ + OH-
H2O + CO2 → H2CO3
H2CO3 ↔ 2 H+ + CO32-
At Cathode 4 H+ + O2 + 4e- → 2H2O
Net Cell Reaction 2Fe(s) + 4 H+ + O2 → 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O
4Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O + O2(g) → 2Fe2O3 + 8H+
Fe2O3 + xH2O → Fe2O3. xH2O
Prevention of Corrosion

Barrier Protection
Sacrificial Protection
Cathodic Protection
Chemical Protection
Bisphenol an alkaline chromates and alkaline
phosphates

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