Chapter I- Introduction

System Analysis and Design

Elnelyn Caparida - Oberio

Computer Instructor
Class Schedule
S.A.D
Tuesday – 10:00 to 12:00 NN
Wednesday – 10:00-12:00
What is Information
System?
“Information systems (IS) is the
study of complementary
networks of hardware and
software that people and
organizations use to collect,
filter, process, create, and
distribute data.”
“Information systems are
combinations of hardware,
software, and telecommunications
networks that people build and use
to collect, create, and distribute
useful data, typically in
organizational settings.”
 Information System

Components Role
The Components of Information Systems

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

DATA

PEOPLE

PROCESS
The Components of Information Systems

HARDWARE

Information systems hardware is the

part of an information system you
can touch – the physical components
of the technology. Computers,
keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and
flash drives are all examples of
information systems hardware. 
The Components of Information Systems

SOFTWARE

Software is a set of instructions that

tells the hardware what to do.
Software is not tangible – it cannot
be touched. When programmers
create software programs, what they
are really doing is simply typing out
lists of instructions that tell the
hardware what to do. 
The Components of Information Systems

DATA

The third component is data. You

can think of data as a collection of
facts. For example, your street
address, the city you live in, and
your phone number are all pieces of
data. 
The Components of Information Systems

PEOPLE
The Components of Information Systems

PROCESS

A process is a series of steps

undertaken to achieve a desired
outcome or goal. Information
systems are becoming more and
more integrated with organizational
processes, bringing more
productivity and better control to
those processes. 
The Role of Information Systems

So far we have looked at what the

components
In fact, we mightofsay
an that
information
one of the
system
roles are, but what
of information do these
systems is to
components actually
take data and turn do for an
it into
information,organization?
and then transform that
into organizational knowledge. 
OBJECTIVE
 Understand the role played in information
systems development by the systems
analyst.
 Understand the fundamental system

development life cycle and its four phases.

 Understand how organizations identify IS

development projects.
 Understand the importance of linking the

information system to business needs.

OBJECTIVE
 Be Able to create a system request
 Understand how to access technical,

economic, and organization feasibility.

 Be able to perform a feasibility analysis.
Why study System Analysis and
Design?
 SAD is an exiting, active field in which analyst
continually learn and new techniques and
approaches to develop systems more
effectively and efficiently.

 The goal of this course is to enable students

understand the issues so that they can
actually analyze and design systems.
Introduction
 In 2005, more or less $1 trillion was spent by
organization and governments on IT
hardware, software, and services worldwide.

 Of this projects, some 5-15% are abandoned

as hopefully inadequate, before or shortly
after delivery.
Reasons:
 Cost far more expected
 Fewer features than originally

planned
 Delivered significantly late
Recent Significant IT Project Failures
Company Year Project Outcome
Hudson 2005 Inventory System Problems lead to
Bay(Canada) $33.3 million loss
UK Inland Revenue 2004-2005 $3.45 billion tax-credit
overpayment caused by software
errors
Avis Europe PLC 2004 Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
system cancelled after $54.5 million
spent.
Ford Motor Co. 2004 Purchasing System abandoned after
deployment costing approximately
$400 million
You will say, I don’t care I
will not create as IS
project in the future
 Butthis can be improved
through . . .
 System
Development
Life Cycle
What is it?
 Is the process of
understanding an Information
system (IS) can support
business needs, designing the
system, building it, and
delivering it to users.
 What is a system
Analysts?
He/ She assist and guides
The
the
key
project team so that the
- Analyzes the business
person
team inidentifies
develops
situation, the right
SDLC
system is theeffective
in an
opportunities for way.
improvements, and designs an
information system to
implement the improvements.
 The Primary goal is to
create value for the
organization which most
companies means
increasing profits. And
NOT to create a
wonderful system
At the end of this course you
will not be an expert analyst
but you will be ready to start
building systems for real.

We will learn more how to

be a System Analyst!
SA Skills
1. Analysts must have technical skills
SA Skills
2. Analysts must have business Skills
SA Skills
3. Analytical Skills
 Often, analysts need to communicate
effectively, one-on-one with users and
business managers (who often have little experience
with technology)
 And with programmers ( who often have more
technical expertise than the analysts do.)

 Not only do they need to have strong interpersonal

abilities, but they also need to manage people with
whom they work, and they must manage the
pressure and risks associated with unclear
situations.
 Analyst must deal fairly, honestly, and ethically
with other project team members, managers, and
systems users.
SA Specialization
1. Business Analyst

- Focuses on the business issues

surrounding the system.
- Analyzing the key business aspects of
the system.
- Identifying how the system will provide
business value
SA Specialization
2. System Analyst

- Identify how technology can improve

business processes
- Designing the new business process
- Designing the information system
- Ensuring that the system conforms to
information system standards
- Focuses on the IS issues
SA Specialization
3. Infrastructure Analyst

- Ensuring that the system conforms to

infrastructure standards.
- Identifying infrastructure changes
needed to support the system
SA Specialization
4. Change Management Analyst

- Developing and executing a change

management plan
- Developing and executing a user
training plan
- Focuses on people and management
issues 9.
SA Specialization
5. Project Manager

-Managing the team analysts,

programmers, technical writers, and
other specialist
- Developing and monitoring the project
plan
- Assigning resources
- Serving as the primary point of contact
for the project.
 Business
Analysts

Infrastru System
cture analyst

Change MS

Project
Manager
System
Developm
ent
Life
Cycle
What is SDLC?
 Isthe process of
understanding how an
information system(IS) can
support business needs,
designing the system, building
it, and developing it to users.
Situation:

 Suppose you are a system analyst and you

receive a request for system changes or
improvements. Your first step is to determine
whether it makes sense to launch a preliminary
investigation at all. Often you will need to learn
more about business operations before you
can reach a conclusion.
continuation
 After an investigation, you might find that the
information system functions properly, but
users need more training. In some situations,
you might recommend a business process
review, rather than IT solution. In other cases,
you might conclude that a full-scale systems
review is necessary. If the development
process continues, the next step is the
system analysis phase.
4 Phases of SDLC
 Planning

Phase I
System Development Life Cycle
Focus:
 Why build this system?
 How to structure the project?

Primary Outputs:
1. System Request with feasibility
study
2. Project Plan
This phase is the fundamental process
2 Steps:
◦ A. PROJECT INITIATION
 System’s business value to the organization
is identified.
 (how will it lower costs or increase
revenues?)
 Identify Opportunity
 Analyze Feasibility
This phase is the fundamental process
2 Steps:

B. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
 creates a work plan, staff the project and
puts techniques.
 Develop work plan
 Staff project
 Control Direct project
 Analysis

Phase II
System Development Life Cycle
Focus:
 Who will use the system?
 What the system will do
 Where and when It will be used?

Primary Outputs:
1. System Proposal
B. REQUIREMENTS GATHERING
 Through interviews and questionnaires

C. SYSTEM PROPOSAL
 a document, which is a combination of
analyses, system concept and models.
 this will be presented back to the project
sponsor and also to the approval
committee.
 Design

Phase III
System Development Life Cycle
Focus:
 How the system will operate in terms
of the hardware, software, and
network infrastructure that will be in
place. How will this system work?
- user interface, forms
- reports that will be used
- specific programs
- database
Primary Output:
1. System Specification
4 Steps:
◦ 1. DESIGN STRATEGY
◦ 2. ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
◦ 3. DATABASE AND FILE SPECIFICATION
◦ 4. PROJECT DESIGN

A collection of four is called SYSTEM

SPECIFICATION that is handed to the
programming team for implementation
Implementation

Phase IV
System Development Life Cycle
Focus:
 Delivery and support of completed
system

Primary Output:
1. installed system
Phase that needs most of the attention,
longest and expensive single part of the
development process.

3 Steps:
1. Construction
2. Installation
3. Support Plan
References:
 https://bus206.pressbooks.com/chapter/cha
pter-1
/
 Textbook: System Analysis and Design
Allan Dennis
Any Questions?

Thank you