Behaviorism Theory
References
Mok Soon Sang (2006). Education
Psychology, Selangor; Multimedia-ES
Resources Sdn. Bhd.
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References
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erant_Conditioning
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References
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classical-conditioning-theory/
Classical conditioning
Pavlovian conditioning –
who worked out its fundamental
principles through his
studies of salivation in dogs, which he
found could be elicited by
neutral stimuli, such as a tone, that
had been repeatedly
presented before the presentation of
food.
classical conditioning
In classical conditioning you are trying to increase the
probability
of a response (the conditioned response, CR)) to
some neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, CS)
by pairing that stimulus
with a following stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus,
US) that already produces the response (the
unconditioned response, UR):
Initially US - - ->UR, then CS, US - - ->UR, finally CS -
- -> CR
operant conditioning
you are trying to increase the probability
of a response (the conditioned response, CR) in the
presence of
some stimulus (the discriminative stimulus, DS, which
is like a conditioned stimulus, CS) by following the
desired response with
a reinforcing stimulus (R, which is like an
unconditioned stimulus).
Alternatively, you might be trying to decrease the
probability of a response (CR) in the presence of some
stimulus (DS/CS) by
following the undesired response with a punishing
stimulus (P):
DS/CS - - - -> CR -----> R or P
operant conditioning
unlike classical conditioning,
there are response consequences,
i.e., there are reinforcement or
punishment contingencies--the
reinforcement or punishment (R or
P) being dependent/contingent upon
the response (CR) occurring.
classical conditioning
the unconditioned stimulus
(US, which is like a reinforcement or
punishment) follows the
conditioned stimulus (CS) during training
regardless of whether or
not the conditioned response (CR) occurs.
Here the CR, which is
usually reflexive, is brought under the
control of a stimulus event
(CS) that precedes the response, rather
than one that follows it.
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical (Respondent) Conditoning
Operant Conditioning
Implication of Pavlov’s Conditioning Theory
in Teaching-Learning
Conditioned responses can be
fostered through the process of
teaching learning activities
Before Conditioning
Science Teacher (UCS) teaching in
the class for the first time
Unconditioned response (pupils’
attention) towards the teaching
activities only
During Conditioning
Teacher (CS) teaching in an
interesting manner
Pupils pay attention to teacher’s
teaching (CR)
After Conditioning
Teacher’s presence (CS)
Pupils pay attention to teacher’s
teaching (CR)
Classical Conditioning
1. The teacher relate practical
experience (conditioned stimulus)
with the learning task (unconditioned
stimulus) so as to produce
satisfactory conditioned learning
response (satisfactory learning
activities)
Classical Conditioning
2. Guide pupils to apply skill to make accurate
generalization by using various related
examples.
3. Guide pupils to use skill to make
discrimination. Example, to different specific
characteristics.
4. Allocate sufficient exercises for pupils to
strengthen the application of conditioned
stimulus and conditioned response.
Classical Conditioning
5. Use secondary reinforcement to
sustain conditioned response. Use
new, similar stimulus as conditioned
stimulus to motivate pupils for learning
activities.
Skinner’s Operant
Conditioning
Organisms normally operate on the
environment instead of reacting to the
stimulus presented to them.
Operant conditioning is a form of
learning in which voluntary responses
are influenced by consequences.
Example of Operant
Conditioning
Responses (Behavior)
Lesson revision
Stimulus (Reinforcement)
Reward with good grades
Effect on behavior
Motivation to study increases
Operant Conditioning
Learning is active as learning
(response) that occurs is based on its
own initiative without waiting for any
related stimulus to appear
Operant Conditioning
Skinner classified this type of
reinforcement into negative
(punishment) and positive
reinforcement (rewards).
Reinforcement is a technique or
process which uses the reinforcer to
strengthen and sustain the relevant
response.
Operant Conditioning
Positive reinforcement occurs when a
response is strengthened because of
a rewarding stimulus that follows.
Negative reinforcement occurs when
a response is strengthened because
of the removal of an unpleasant
stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
Continuous reinforcement occurs
every time when an expected
response is explicitly given.
Intermittent reinforcement occurs
when repeated is reinforced only at
some of the time.
Implication of Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Theory in Teaching and Learning
1. A newly learned skill/technique
ought to be given continuous
reinforcement, followed by
intermittent reinforcement to
strengthen the skill
2. Use positive reinforcement which give
pleasant result is more effective.
3. Can be used to modify pupil’s
undesirable behavior.
4. Negative reinforcement is suitable to
achieve the desirable behavior
