LESSON 4

KINEMATICS AND
DYNAMICS
Learning Outcome
At the end of this lesson you should be able to
1. Understand displacement, velocity and acceleration.
2. Know the different kinds of forces.
3. Know the effects of forces on the body.
4. Explain Newton’s Law of motion.
5. Solve problems on related topics
Introduction

The lesson will discuss kinematics and dynamics. In kinematics you will be
learning about motion on a body, and how displacement, velocity and
acceleration are related to each other. Learning kinematics allows you to learn
the causes of motion. The use of the four equations for motion at constant
acceleration is also the vital part of the kinematics.
Dynamics is all about moving objects and Newton’s laws of motion forms the
basis of dynamics. It includes the law of inertia, law of acceleration and law of
action and reaction.
Kinematics

It is the study of the movement of the body regardless of the force applied
on it.

Difference Between Distance and Displacement

Distance - is the total movement covered by the object without any regard to
direction despite its starting or ending point and is a scalar quantity. it is a mere
measurement of length.

Displacement - is the change in position of an object represented by an arrow

and is a vector quantity.
Difference Between Speed and Velocity

Speed - is the time at which the object moves along the path. (e.g. 5 kph)
expressed as
speed = =
Example
  Find the speed of the ball that is kicked and rolled of 50 m for 5 sec.

speed = = 10 m/s

Velocity - is the rate and direction of an objects movement. (e.g. 5 kph East). It
is expressed as
 velocity = =

ave velocity =
Problems
1. A woman walks 7 km East in 3 hrs, and then 4.5 km West in 2 hr.
determine
  a) What is the average speed for the whole journey of the woman?
b) What is the average velocity for the whole journey of the woman?
Solution
a) Ave speed = = 3.3 kph

b) Ave velocity = = 1.5 kph

2. Ruel drove south 120 km at 60

  and then east 150 km at 50 kph.
kph
Determine the following
a) The average speed for the
whole journey ϕ

b) The magnitude of the

average velocity
Solution
a) Average speed =
solving for t1 and t2
t1 = = 2 hr t2 = = 3 hr

  Average speed = = 54 kph

b) magnitude of displacement

d=
= (120 km)2 + (150 km)2 = 192.09 km
 Solving for the average velocity

ave velocity = = 36.42 kph

Solving for the direction

tan ϕ =
  ϕ = tan-1 1.25 = 51.34o SE

Acceleration
It is the rate of change of velocity over elapsed time and is a vector quantity.
Accelerated motion means that the speed are increasing and so with the
distance traveled. It is how fast an object is moving per unit of time.
 When the velocity is changing by constant amount for each second it is
reffered to as constant acceleration. For average acceleration it is given by the
equation
ave acceleration (ā) = =
where
ā = average acceleration
  Vf = final velocity
Vi = initial velocity
t = time travelled
tf = final time
ti = initial time
Kinematic Equations of Motion With Constant Acceleration

1. df = di + vt if it starts at rest di = 0
2. vf = vi + at if it starts at rest df = vave t
3. Δd = vit + 1/2 at2 where vi =0 , df = (v1 + v2)t / 2
4. vf2 = vi2 + 2ad df = v2t/2

Problems

1. A baseball player in a game batted a ball at 40 m/s. The batter hits the ball
on a line straight the pitcher at 50 m/s. What is the acceleration of the ball if it
was in contact with the bat for 1/30 s?
Given
vi = 40 m/s
vf = 50 m/s
t = 1/30 s

Solution
a = = 2700 m/s2

 2.A man drives his car and travels from his house to his office at 60 mph in
6.6 sec. What is the acceleration in m/s?
Given Required
v = 60 mph a) acceleration in m/s2
t = 6.6 s
Solution

a = = 4.06 m/s2

 [Link] an olympic game an athlete runs on a 1000 m run. When the gun is fired
he starts his run at a velocity of 40 kph. At the middle of the run he accelerates
constantly at 2.0 m/s2. Determine (a) his final velocity in m/s if he finished his
run in 2.75 minutes and (b) the average acceleration of the athlete.
 Given Required
d = 1000 m = 0.1 km a) final velocity in m/s
vi = 40 kph = 11.11 m/s b) average acceleration
a = 2.0 m/s2
t = 2.75 min = 165 sec

Solution
  a) From the kinematic equations of motion for constant acceleration

vf2 = vi2 + 2ad

vf = (11.11 m/s)2 + (2)(2.0 m/s2)(1000 m)
= 64.21 m/s
b) ā = = = 0.322 m/s2
4. An airplane accelerates on a runway at 3.5 m/s2 for 35.5 sec until it is lifted
off the ground. Determine the distance travelled before take off. (Assume no
friction or air resistance)

Given Required
a = 3.5 m/s2 a) d
t = 35.5 sec

Solution
a) df = vit + 1/2 at2
= 0 + (0.5)(3.5 m/s2)(35.5 s)2
= 2205.44 m
5. A feather fell from the height of 1.40 m down the ground. The gravitational
acceleration on the moon is 1.67 m/s2. Determine the time of the feather to fall
on the moon’s surface.

Given Required
d = 1.4 m a) t
gm = 1.67 m/s2
 
Solution
a) d = vit + 1/2 gt2
d = 0 + 1/2 gt2 d = gt2
t = 2d / g = t2
= 2(1.4 m) / 1.67 m/s2)
= 1.29 s
Free Falling Body: Acceleration Due to Gravity
It is the most used example of a uniform acceleration. An object
falls through the force of gravity due to the weight. A stone that falls
lands on the earth with uniform acceleration assuming that air
resistance is negligible.

When an object is thrown upward the following are considered.

1. At peak height its final velocity is zero.
2. When velocity is solved and gives a negative sign the object is
in downward direction.
3. Upward direction gravitational constant is negative.
Analysis of Freely Falling Body

Consider a stone thrown upward.

Displacement is postive at A, velocity
is also positive and acceleration is
negative because it is against the pull
of gravity. As the stone moves upward
velocity is decreasing and at B it is
equal to zero. After point B the stone
speed up and both the velocity and
acceleration have the same signs and
direction. When the stone passed point
C the displacement becomes negative.
Table 1: Formula for rectilinear motion and freely falling body

Rectilinear Motion Free Falling Body

1. Vf = Vi + at 1. Vf = Vi + gt

2. d = Vit + 1/2at2 2. d = Vit + 1/2gt2

3. Vf2 = Vi2 + 2ad 3. Vf2 = Vi2 + 2gd

4. d = 4. d =
 illustration for lab activity # 2 : Velocity and acceleration

h = 12”, 8” and 4” b1= 302 - 122 = 27.5 in

d1 = 30” and d2 = 20” b2= 02 - 122 = 16 in
no of test experiment = 6 times
Problems
 g

g
.
.
 2gd

b) What is the speed at the end of 3.0 sec?

V3.0 = Vo + gt
d = 20.42 m
Projectile Motion

When a body travels freely under the influence of gravity and air resistance.
A projectile is one of continuous downward acceleration. The velocity is
constantly changing in both magnitude and direction.

Things to be considered in projectile motion

1. The horizontal x and vertical y components.
2. The horizontal and vertical component are independent.
3. The horizontal speed is constant
Flight of Projectile Motion
.
Problems

1. A projectile is fired from the top of a cliff 300 ft high with a velocity of 1414 ft/s
directed at 45o to the horizontal. Find the range on a horizontal plane through the
base of the cliff.
vo = 1414 ft/s
Given Required
y = 300 ft a) x 450

v = 1414 ft/s
ϕ = 450
y = 300ft
Solution
From the table for y component of flight

y = vo sin ϕt - 1/2gt2 x
 -300 ft = (1414 ft/s)(sin 450)(t) - (16.6 ft/s2)(t)2
(16.6 ft/s2)t2 - (999.85 ft/s)t - 300 ft
Then divide each term by 16.6
t2 - (60.24)t - 18.07 = 0

This is a quadratic equation, so applying quadratic formula

  t=
t=
t=
t = 60.54 sec and t = -0.3 sec (note: use the positive value)
 Solving for the horizontal distance x

x = vo cos ϕt
= (1414 ft/s)( cos 450)(60.54 s)
= 60,530.86 ft

2. A stone is thrown from a hill at an angle of 600 to the horizontal with an initial
velocity of 100 ft/s. After hitting level ground at the base of the hill the stone
has covered a horizontal distance of 500 ft. How high is the hill?

Given Required
ϕ = 600 a) height of the hill
v = 100 ft/s
x = 500 ft
Solution
From y component equation
y = vo sinϕt - 1/2 gt2
solving for t from the formula of x component
x = vo cos ϕt
500 ft = (100 ft/s)(cos 600)t
  t = = 10 sec
substitute t = 10 sec in the equation for y

y = (100 ft/s)(sin 600)(10 s) - 1/2(32.2 ft/s2)(10 s)2

= 866.025 - 1610 ft
= - 743.975 ft
Force
It is either a push or a pull

Kinds of Forces

1. Normal Force (N) - it is directed upward and perpendicular to the surface

N
N

2. Frictional Force (Fs or Fk) - is a force opposite the direction of motion of a

force between two objects in contact with each other.
Illustration
where
W = weight or force due to gravity
N = normal force
Fs = static friction

motion F = force applied on the body

Fk = kinetic friction
3. Tension (T) - a pulling force of a wire, string and the like

Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. Law of Inertia - an object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object at a
constant speed in a straight line and will keep on moving in a straight line
unless there is force acted upon it.
Things to remember when solving forces

1. Make a FBD showing all the forces acting on the body and their directions
2. Consider the following equations: ΣF = 0, ΣFx = 0 and ΣFy = 0
3. If it makes an angle with the horizontal resolve the force into its horizontal
  and vertical components.
ΣFh = F cos ϕ
ΣFv = F sin ϕ
F = (ΣFx)2 + (ΣFy)2
4. Upward forces are positive and downward forces are negative.
5. All forces moving to the right are positive and to the left are negative.
Problems

1. A car is towed through a rope by a force of 600 lbf at an angle of 25 0 and

300 respectively. Find the tensions in each ropes
F = 600lbf
Given Required
F = 600 lbf a) T1 and T2
ϕ1 = 250 T1 T2

ϕ2 = 300 250 300

Illust.
Solution
1. Draw the FBD

2. Use ΣFh = 0 and ΣFv = 0

ΣFh = 0
= - T1 cos 250 + T2 cos 300
0.906 T1 = 0.866 T2
  T1 =
T1 T2

T1 = 0.956 T2 eqn 1

Then using ΣFv = 0

= F - T1 sin 250 - T2 sin 300
-600 = - 0.423 T1 - 0.5 T2
 -600 = - 0.423 (0.956 T2 ) - 0.5 T2
600 = 0.404 T2 + 0.5 T2
0.904 T2 = 600
T2 = 663.72 lb
Substitute T2 in equation 1 to solve for T1
T1 = 0.956 (663.72 lb)
T1 = 634.51 lb

2. Required
a) P
b) F
Solution

1. Draw the FBD of the force system

2. use ΣFh = 0
= - P cos 500 + F cos 300
0.643 P = 0.866 F
P = 1.347 F
use ΣFv = 0
= - 1500 N + P sin 500 + F sin 300
1500 = 0.766 P + 0.5 F
1500 = 0.766 (1.347 F) + 0.5 F
1500 = 0. 1.032 F + 0.5 F
1.532 F = 1500
F = 979.11 N
Substitute in eqn 1

P = 1.347 (979.11) = 1318.86 N