STONE COLUMNS
AFIFA SIDIQ
20902213
Submitted To Dr Rajeev
Kumar
Civil Engineering Department NITJ
April30, 2021
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Overview
1. Introduction
Stone Columns and its basic functions
Background
Applicable soil types and Effectiveness of stone columns
2. Stone Column construction techniques
Vibroflotation
Rammed stone column technique
3. Basic Design Parameters
4. Failure mechanisms of stone columns
5. Advantages of stone columns
6. Applications of stone columns
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION
• Ground improvement techniques are commonly used at
sites where the existing soil conditions are expected to lead
to a unsatisfactory performance.
• The soil improvement techniques are used to increase
bearing capacity and reduce the settlement of
constructions. Their main advantage lies in improving the
soil properties below a structure and following the reduction
of an irregular settlement.
• TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL IMPROVEMENT:
1. Vibroflotation
2. Dynamic Compaction
3. Stone Columns
4. Compaction Piles
5. Compaction Grouting
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STONE COLUMNS AND ITS BASIC FUNCTIONS
• Stone columns are essentially a method of soil
reinforcement in which soft cohesive soil is replaced at
discrete points by gravel or crushed rock in pre-bored
vertical holes to form ‘columns’ or ‘piles’ within the soil.
• Stone column consists of crushed coarse aggregates or
gravel of various sizes (6-40mm).
• The stone columns serve two basic functions:
1. Providing strength reinforcement to the soil.
2. Acting as vertical drains to allow subsoil consolidation
to occur quickly under any given loading.
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BACKGROUND
• The concept was first applied in France in 1830 to improve
a native soil.
• This method has been used extensively in Europe for site
improvement since the late 1950's.
• In India, it was first introduced for construction in 1970s.
• In England, stone columns have been used to support
about 40 bridge abutments.
• In Europe, stone columns have been used considerably
more extensively than in either the U.S. or Canada.
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APPLICABLE SOIL TYPES AND EFFECTIVENESS OF
STONE COLUMNS
1. Soft, Non-compactible, Weak soil
2. Granular with high fines content
3. Organic soils
4. Marine/ Alluvial clays
5. Liquefiable soils
6. Cohesive soils
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STONE COLUMN CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
Displacement method
• Vibratory technique using vibroflot
Non-Displacement method
• Rammed stone column technique
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VIBROFLOTATION
Mechanism of Vibroflot
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RAMMED STONE COLUMN TECHNIQUE
Rammed Stone Column
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BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS
1. Stone column diameter, D
2. Depth of stone column
3. Pattern
4. Spacing
5. Equivalent diameter
6. Area Replacement ratio, as
7. Stress concentration factor, n
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BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS
• The column spacing may broadly range from 2m to 3m depending
upon the site condition , loading pattern , column factors , the
installation technique , settlement tolerances.
• The equivalent diameter (De) is given by the following formula:
De = 1.05 S for an equilateral triangular pattern, and
= 1.13 S for a square pattern
• Replacement ratio (as) is given by:
as = As / A = As / (As + Ag)
as = c1(D/S)2
• c1 = a constant; for a square pattern c1=π /4 and for an equilateral
triangular pattern c1=0.907.
• The stress concentration factor, n, due to externally applied load σ, is
defined as the ratio of average stress in the stone column, σs, to the
stress, σg ,in the soil within the unit cell,
n = σs/ σg
• The value of n generally lie between 2.5 and 5 at the ground surface.
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FIGURE
Triangular arrangement of stone columns
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FIGURE
Square arrangement of stone columns
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FAILURE MECHANISMS OF STONE COLUMNS
• Failure Mechanisms of a Single Stone Column in
Homogenous Soft Layer:
a) Long stone column with firm or floating support-Bulging
failure
b) Short column with rigid base- shear failure
c) Short floating column- punching failure
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ADVANTAGES OF STONE COLUMNS
• The stone column technique of ground treatment has proven
successful in
1. improving slope stability of both embankments and natural
slopes,
2. increasing bearing capacity of in-situ soils ,
3. reducing total and differential settlements,
4. reducing the liquefaction potential of sands,
5. increasing the time rate of settlement,
6. expedites consolidation settlement,
7. more economical than piling,
8. homogenizes variable soil properties, and
9. improves the stiffness of subsoil to decrease settlements.
• Stone columns are used to support structures overlying both very
soft to firm cohesive soils and also loose silty sands having greater
than about 15 percent fines.
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APPLICATIONS OF STONE COLUMNS
• Stone columns have the following applications:
1. Potential highway uses- highway embankments, bridge approach
fills, bridge abutments.
2. Footings - raft / isolated.
3. Tanks - LNG storage tank, water storage tank(foundation of
tanks).
4. Railway embankments.
5. Wharf structures.
6. Reinforced Earth Retaining walls.
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CONCLUSION
• Stone Columns are one of the most versatile techniques for
engineering the ground.
• The primary purpose of stone columns is to improve the
settlement characteristics of the soil, increase load bearing
capacity, shear strength, slope stability, time rate of settlement and
reducing liquefaction potential.
• Stone columns act as drains helping to prevent a build-up in
pore-water pressure in cohesion-less soils during an earthquake.
• The installation of stone columns is more of an art than an exact
science; therefore it requires careful field control and experienced
engineers and contractors
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. IS 15284 (part- I): 2003, “Design & Construction for ground
improvement - Guidelines”.
II. “Theory & Practice of foundation design” by N.N. Som & S.C.
Das.
III. “Foundation analysis and design” (5th edition) by Joseph E.
Bowles.
IV. “Design and Construction of Stone Columns (Volume I)” by
R.D. Barksdale and R.C. Bachus.
V. “Foundation design principles and practices” by Donald P.
Coduto.
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The End
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