ECE3013 – LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
MODULE-II
LINEAR
OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Dr.S.UMADEVI
Associate Professor, SENSE,
VIT Chennai
UNIT-II
LINEAR OP-AMP CIRCUITS
DC and AC amplifiers, summing, scaling, and averaging
amplifiers, Instrumentation amplifiers, I/V, V/I converter,
Integrator, Differentiator, differential amplifiers. Op-amp with
negative feedback: voltage series, voltage shunt feedback
amplifiers, Signal conditioning Circuits
MODULE-II
Linear Application : (or) Linear Circuits
• The output signal of the same nature as the input
• The output signal varies in accordance with the input within the limits set by
the saturation level and slew rate
SUMMING
AMPLIFIER
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
As the input impedance of the op-amp is large, more than one input signal
can be applied to the input terminals
Such circuits will performs the addition of the applied signals at the output,
hence it is called summer or adder circuits
Depending upon the sign of the output, the summer circuits are classified
as inverting summer and non-inverting summer
In the inverting summer all the input signals to be added are applied to the
inverting input terminals of the op-amp
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
Inverting summer
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
By properly selecting Rf, R1 and R2 , we can have a weighted addition of the input
signals like (aV1+bv2) as indicated by equation (6)
By using this method n input voltages can be added together
Thus the sum of the two input signals amplified by (R f/R) times with a negative
sign hence the circuit is called inverting summing amplifier
Due to the negative sign of the sum at the output it is called inverting amplifier
(It shows the phase inversion)
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AVERAGING
AMPLIFIER
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AVERAGING AMPLIFIER
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
The circuit that performs addition of the input signals provided in the
non inverting terminals is called non inverting summing amplifier
Non-Inverting summer
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
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SUMMING AMPLIFIER
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SUBTRACTOR
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SUBTRACTOR
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SUBTRACTOR
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SUBTRACTOR
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SUBTRACTOR
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SUBTRACTOR
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PROBLEMS
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PROBLEM - 1
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PROBLEM - 2
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PROBLEM - 3
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS - 1
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS - 2
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INSTRUMENTATI
ON
AMPLIFIER
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Many industrial systems, consumer systems and process control system
requires accurate measurement of the physical quantities like temperature,
humidity, pressure etc
The measurement of the physical quantities is generally carried out with
the help of a device called as transducer
Transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another
Ex: Thermocouple convert from heat energy to electrical signal
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
But most of the transducer outputs are generally of very low level
signals, and it is not sufficient to drive the next stage of a system (in
the range of mV and µV)
One more practical difficulty is, low level signal will gets subjected to
the noise and atmospheric interferences
Hence general amplifier is not suitable for amplifying such signals, so
we need a special amplifier to amplify such a low level signal
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
A special amplifier which is used for such a low level amplification with high CMRR, high
input impedance to avoid loading is called as an instrumentation amplifier
Such a special featured instrumentation amplifier have become an integral part of
modern testing and measurement instrument
The instrumentation amplifier is also called as data amplifier and is basically a
difference amplifier. The expression for its voltage gain is generally of the form,
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
A good instrumentation amplifier has to meet the following
specifications
1) Finite, accurate and stable gain
2) Easier gain adjustment
3) High input impedance
4) Low output impedance
5) High CMRR
6) Low power consumption
7) Low thermal and time drifts
8) High slew rate
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Difference amplifier as a instrumentation amplifier using one op-amp
The basic difference amplifier using op-amp amplifies the differential
input and hence can be considered as the instrumentation amplifier
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
The output voltage of the such difference amplifier is,
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Main limitations:
1) Low input impedance
2) Imbalance of the circuit
Hence basic difference amplifier is not used as a instrumentation
amplifier
To get a very high input impedance, the difference amplifier circuit
can be modified by using buffer or voltage follower circuits at the
inputs
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Instrumentation amplifier using three op-amp
The commonly used instrumentation amplifier circuit is one using
three op-amps
This circuit provides high input resistance for accurate measurement
of signals from transducers
A non-inverting amplifier is added to each of the basic difference
amplifier inputs
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Main advantages
1) Using variable resister RG, the gain can be varied
2) Gain depends on external resistance RG, hence it can be adjusted
accurately and made stable
3) Input impedance depends on input impedance of non-inverting
terminal which is very high
4) The output impedance of the op-amp A3 is very low and CMRR is
very high
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PROBLEMS
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Example-1: Determine the range of the gain if the potentiometer is
varied over its entire range for the following instrumentation
amplifier
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Exercise-1: Design an instrumentation amplifier using three op-amps
with a gain that can be varied from 1 to 500
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
Example-2: For the instrumentation amplifier shown below, determine
the value of RG if the required gain is 1000
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
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V TO I
CONVETER
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VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER
In a voltage to current converter, the output load current is
proportional to the input voltage
According to the load, V to I converter can be classified into:
(i). Floating load
(ii). Grounded load
In floating type V to I converter R L is not connected to the ground
where as in grounded type on end of RL is connected to the ground
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VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER
V to I converter with floating load
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VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER
V to I converter with floating load
The input voltage Vi is converted into the output current of Vi/R1
This current flows through the signal source and load, therefore signal source
should be capable of providing this load current
The proportional constant is generally 1/R1 hence this circuit is also called
transconductance amplifier or it is also called as voltage controlled current
source (VCCS)
This current maintained properly for all the load like (R,C,LED)
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VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER
V to I converter with grounded load
When one end of the load is grounded, it is no longer possible to place the load
within feedback loop of the op-amp
In this circuit the load resistance RL is connected to ground and it is also known
as Howland current converter
The analysis of the circuit is accomplished by determining the voltage v1 at the
non-inverting input terminal and then establishing the relationship between v1
and the load current
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VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER
V to I converter with grounded load
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I TO V
CONVERTER
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CURRENT TO VOLTAGE CONVERTER
In I to V converter, the inverting terminal of the op-amp is at virtual ground,
no current flow through Rs and current iS flow through feed back resistor Rf
Thus the output voltage V0=-isRf is capable of measuring lowest current which
depends on bias current IB of the op-amp
Sometimes the resistor Rf is shunted with the capacitor Cf to reduce high
frequency noise and the possibility of oscillations
This circuit also known as transresistance amplifier
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CURRENT TO VOLTAGE CONVERTER
Current to voltage converter
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DIFFERENTIAT
OR
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DIFFERENTIATOR
The circuit which produces the differentiation of the input voltage at
its output is called differentiator
The differentiator circuit designed using passive device is called
passive differentiator
The differentiator designed using active devices is called active
differentiator
In differentiator the output waveform is always a derivative of the
input waveform
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Ideal active op-amp differentiator
The active differentiator can be obtained by exchanging the input
resistor R1 with the capacitor in the inverting amplifier
Op-amp differentiator
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DIFFERENTIATOR
The node B is grounded, hence V A is also at ground potential by virtual ground
concept. The input current of op-amp is zero, entire current I 1 flows through the
resistance Rf.
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DIFFERENTIATOR
The equation shows that the output is C1Rf times the differentiation of
the input and this product C1Rf is called time constant of the
differentiator
The value of RfC1 should be very small to operate the differentiator in all
range of frequency
The negative sign indicates that there is a phase difference of 180º
between input and output signals
The main advantage of active differentiator is the small time constant
required for differentiation
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Input & output waveforms
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Input & output waveforms
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Input & output waveforms
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Input & output waveforms
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Frequency response of ideal differentiator
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Frequency response of ideal differentiator
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Disadvantages of Ideal active op-amp differentiator
At high frequency the differentiator may become unstable and break into
oscillations
High sensitive to noise because of decrease in input impedance as
frequency increases
This problem can be addressed using some additional parameters in the
basic differentiator circuit
Such differentiator circuit is called as practical differentiator circuit
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Practical differentiator
The noise and stability at high frequency can be corrected in the
practical differentiator circuit using the resistance R 1 in series with C1
and the feedback capacitor C1 in parallel with resistor Rf
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DIFFERENTIATOR
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DIFFERENTIATOR
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DIFFERENTIATOR
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Frequency response of a Practical differentiator
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Frequency response of a Practical differentiator
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Frequency response of the Practical differentiator
As the frequency increases the gain increases till f=f b at the rate of
+20dB/decade but after f=fb the gain decreases at a rate of
-20dB/decade
This is because of the combination of R 1C1 and RfCf. So by selecting
RfC1 << T the true differentiation results
If fc is the unity gain bandwidth then the values of f c < fb < fa where fc
is the unit gain bandwidth of the op-amp under open loop
configuration
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DIFFERENTIATOR
Steps to design differentiator circuit
1. Choose fa as the high frequency of the input signal
2. Choose C1 to less than fa and calculate Rf value
3. Choose fb as 10 times fa which ensures fa<fb
4. Now calculate R1 and Cf from R1C1=RfCf
5. Select Rcomp =R1||Rf=R1
Applications
a. In wave shaping circuit to detect high frequency component
b. Rate of change detector in the FM modulators
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PROBLEMS
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PROBLEMS
Example-1: Design a differentiator circuit that differentiate the input
signal with fmax = 150 Hz
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PROBLEMS
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PROBLEMS
Example-2: Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that
varies in frequency from 10Hz to 1kHz. If a sine wave of 2V peak to
peak at 1000Hz is applied to this differentiator, draw the output
waveforms
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PROBLEMS
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PROBLEMS
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EXERCISE
Exercise-1: Design a differentiator using op-amp to differentiate an
input signal with fmax=200Hz and also draw the output waveform for a
sine-wave and square wave input of 1V peak at 200Hz
Exercise-2: Design a differentiator circuit with peak to peak
amplitude of 3V at 200Hz. And sketch the output waveform.
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THANK YOU
by vi
a de
Um
