DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE,

FACULTY OF SCIENCE,
SHARQ INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Lecture 1. Introduction to AI
Adapted from Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach 3rd Ed.
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig

By: Hedayat || Monday, April 01, 2020

 Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence
 Historical Overview
 Applications of AI
 Why AI Techniques are Used
 How AI differs from conventional computing
 Branches of AI

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
 Hence the ability of problem solving demonstrates intelligence

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
 Finding an optimal solution among a set of solutions demonstrates intelligence.

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
 It is the ability to Learn.
 Einstein said, "The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.“
 Socrates said, "I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing.“
 From a scientific perspective: What makes some brains smarter than others? Are
intelligent people better at storing and retrieving memories

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
 The capability to form concepts and grasp their significance.
 To judge well, to comprehend well, to reason well.
 Reflected in
 Mental and behavioral activities
 Situation specific (acquisition of skills implies behaving in a certain way) e.g. Car
Driving

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WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
 Adaptation to the physical and social environment.
 Essential abilities to
 Respond to situations flexibly
 Find similarity in situations separated by differences.
 To generate new concepts and new ideas.

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WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

 According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy,

especially intelligent computer programs”.

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WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
 AI is the branch of computer science concerned with the study and creation of
computer systems that exhibit some form of intelligence:
 Systems that can learn new concepts and tasks.
 Systems that can draw useful conclusions about the world around us.
 Systems that can understand a natural language or perceive and comprehend a visual
scene.
 Systems that can perform other types of feats that require human type of intelligence
(Patterson).

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WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
 Although there is no universally-agreed definition of artificial intelligence, we
accept the following definition that matches with its properties.

Artificial intelligence is the study of programmed systems

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HISTORY OF AI
 McCulloch and Pitts (1943)
 Foundations for neural networks
 Isaac Asimov, at Columbia University alumni, (1945)
 Coined the term Robotics.
 Alan Turing (1950)
 Introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence.
 John McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, Simon, at Darmouth conference (1956)
 Coined the term Artificial Intelligence.

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HISTORY OF AI
 John McCarthy (1958)
 Invents LISP programming language for AI.
 Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT (1964) showed that:
 Computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word
problems correctly.
 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, (1969)
 A robot, equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.
 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built
(1979).
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HISTORY OF AI
 Harold Cohen created the drawing program, (1985)
 Aaron
 Major advances in all areas of AI (1990)
 Significant demonstrations in machine learning , Case-based reasoning, Multi-agent
planning, Scheduling , Data mining, Web Crawler, natural language understanding and
translation, Vision, Virtual Reality, Games
 The Deep Blue Chess Program(1997)
 Beats the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.

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HISTORY OF AI
 (2000), Interactive robot pets become commercially available.
 Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions.

 The robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.
 And now………
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APPLICATIONS OF AI
 AI has been dominant in various fields such as:
 Gaming
 AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where
machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing
 It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken
by humans.

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APPLICATIONS OF AI
 Expert Systems
 There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information
to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
 Vision Systems
 These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer. For
example,
 A spying airplane takes photographs which are used to figure out spatial information or
map of the areas.
 Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
 Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored
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APPLICATIONS OF AI
 Speech Recognition
 Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language
in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle
different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due
to cold, etc.
 Handwriting Recognition
 The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on
screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into
editable text.

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APPLICATIONS OF AI
 Intelligent Robots
 Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
 They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure.
 They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit
intelligence.
 In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the
new environment.

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WHY AI TECHNIQUES ARE USED?
 In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties:
 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.

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WHY AI TECHNIQUES ARE USED?
 AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a
way that:
 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.
 AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is
equipped with.

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HOW AI DIFFERS FROM CONVENTIONAL COMPUTING?
 Lets have a glance to the following points:
PROGRAMMING WITHOUT AI PROGRAMMING WITH AI
A computer program without AI can A computer program with AI can
answer the specific questions it is answer the generic questions it is
meant to solve meant to solve.

Modification is not quick and easy. It Quick and Easy program modification.
may lead to affecting the program
adversely.

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HOW AI DIFFERS FROM CONVENTIONAL COMPUTING?
 Lets have a glance to the following points:
PROGRAMMING WITHOUT AI PROGRAMMING WITH AI
Modification in the program leads to AI programs can absorb new
change in its structure. modifications by putting highly
independent piece of information
together. Hence you can modify even a
minute piece of information of program
without affecting its structure.

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AI BRANCHES
 NLP
 CV
 ML
 NN
 Robotics

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THE END

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