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Human Skeletal System Overview

The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilages that form the main supporting framework of the body. It has several important functions including providing shape and support, serving as sites for muscular attachment, and protecting internal organs. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, classified as either axial bones, which include the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, or appendicular bones, which make up the upper and lower limbs. Bones can be further classified based on their size, shape, and development. The microscopic structure of bone tissue and the process of ossification are also described.

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78 views44 pages

Human Skeletal System Overview

The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilages that form the main supporting framework of the body. It has several important functions including providing shape and support, serving as sites for muscular attachment, and protecting internal organs. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, classified as either axial bones, which include the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, or appendicular bones, which make up the upper and lower limbs. Bones can be further classified based on their size, shape, and development. The microscopic structure of bone tissue and the process of ossification are also described.

Uploaded by

yordin deonta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Skeleton

Skeleton includes
bones and cartilages.
It forms the main
supporting
framework.
Bone
DEFINITION FUNCTIONS
Shape and support
BONE IS A HARD Muscular attachment
CALCIFIED, HIGHLY Act as levers
VASCULAR DYNAMIC Protection of organs
CONNECTIVE
Erythropoiesis
TISSUE.
Total No.206 Storage of minerals
NUMBER OF BONES
 AXIAL BONES- 80
1.Skull bones-28
 Cranial- 8
 Facial- 14
 Ear ossicles- 6
2. Hyoid bone-1
3. Vertebral column- 26 vertebrae
 Cervical- 7
 Thoracic- 12
 Lumbar- 5
 Sacral- 5
 Coccygeal- 1
4. sternum- 1
5. ribs- 24
 True ribs- 14
 False ribs- 10
APPENDICULAR BONES- 126
1. Superior extremity- 64
 Clavicle- 2
 Scapula- 2
 Humerus- 2
 Radius- 2
 Ulna- 2
 Carpals- 16
 Metacarpals- 10
 Phalanges- 28
2. Inferior extremity- 62
 Hip- 2
 Femur- 2
 Tibia- 2
 Fibula- 2
 Patella- 2
 Tarsals- 14
 Metatarsals- 10
 Phalanges- 28
Classification of bones
According to size and shape
In comparative anatomy
According to site development
According to process of development
Macroscopically
Histologically
Acoording to position
According to shape & size
Long bones
 Typical long bones
 Miniature long bones
 Modified long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Pneumatic bones
Sesamoid bones
Accessory bones
Typical Long bones
Shaft with two ends
Central medullary
cavity
Nutrient foramen
E.g. humerus , ulna,
femur etc.
MINIATURE LONG BONES
Have only one epiphysis eg.
 Metacarpals
 Metatarsal
 Phalages
Modified long bones
Having no medullary cavity eg.
 Clavicle
 Body of vertebra
Modified long bones
Short bones
Shape is cuboid,
trapezoid or
cuneiform.
E.g: Carpal and tarsal
bones
Flat bones
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
scapula
Irregular bones
Pneumatic bones
Sesamoid bones
Accessory bones
IN COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
1. EXOSKELETON
2. ENDOSKELETON
ACCORDING TO SITE OF
DEVELOPMENT
1. Somatic- developed in the body wall eg. Bones of
limb and trunk
2. Visceral- developed from branchial arches eg.
Mandible and hyoid bone
HISTOLOGICALLY
1. Immature or primary or woven bone.
2. Mature or secondary or lamellar bone.
Developmental classification
Membrane bones
Flat bones
Cartilaginous bones
All the long bones
Membranocartilagino
us bones
clavicle
ACCORDING TO POSITION

Axial skeleton
Appendicular
skeleton
Structural classification
 Compact or dense
bone
 Cancellous or
spongy bone
Microscopic structure
Terminologies
Parts of a young bone
EPIPHYSIS
Part of growing long bone ossified from secondary
centre of ossification.
4 types:
 Pressure epiphysis
 Traction epiphysis
 Atavistic epiphysis- eg. coracoid process
 Aberrant epiphysis
Parts of an adult bone
Blood supply of bone
Blood supply of long bone
Nutrient artery
Periosteal arteries
Epiphyseal arteries
Metaphyseal
arteries
Osteomyelitis
OSTEOMYELITIS
IN CHILDREN
Hair pin bends in the
Metaphyseal vessels
Bacteria get trapped
in the bends
Sluggish blood flow
Metaphyseal vessels in children
after ossification
OSSIFICATION
The process of bone formation.
Types
 Intramembranous
 Intracartilaginous or endochondral
CENTRES OF OSSIFICATION
Sites where bone formation begins.
Types- 2 types
 Primary ossification centre
 Secondary ossification centre
Growth of a long bone
Steps of intramembranous
ossification
Condensation of mesenchymal tissue
Appearance of primary ossification centre in the
mesenchymal condensation layer.
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblast.
Formation of osteoid matrix.
Calcification of osteoid matrix and formation bony
lamellae.
Lamellae->trabeculae->spongy bone-> compact bone
Steps of intracartilaginous
ossification
Formation of hyaline cartilage model by mesenchymal
cells.
Degeneration of cartilage at the central portion of
cartilage model and formation of calcified matrix.
Appearance of primary ossification centre.
Appearance of secondry ossification centre.
Sex differences
Estimation of sex
Estimation of skeletal age

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