LECTURE 11

EQUITY
PART 1

11-1
 Stockholders’ Equity: Share
Chapter 11 Transactions, Dividends, and
Retained Earnings

Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Record the issuance of ordinary shares.

2. Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

3. Differentiate preference shares from ordinary shares.

4. Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.

5. Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

6. Prepare and analyze a comprehensive equity section.

11-2
 Ownership Rights of Shareholders

Shareholders have the right to: Illustration 11-3

1. Vote in election of board of

directors and on actions that
require shareholder approval.

2. Share the corporate earnings

through receipt of dividends.

11-3 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 Ownership Rights of Shareholders

Shareholders have the right to: Illustration 11-3

3. Keep the same percentage ownership when new

shares are issued (preemptive right*).

* A number of companies have eliminated the preemptive right.

11-4 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 Ownership Rights of Shareholders

Shareholders have the right to: Illustration 11-3

4. Share in assets upon liquidation in proportion to

their holdings. This is called a residual claim.

11-5 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 Ownership Rights of Shareholders
Illustration 11-4 Prenumbered
Class A Class A
Class COMMON STOCK COMMON STOCK

PAR VALUE PAR VALUE

$1 PER SHARE $1 PER SHARE

Name of corporation
Shareholder’s name
Shares
Share Certificate

Signature of corporate
official

11-6 LO 1
 Share Issue Considerations

Authorized Shares
 Charter indicates the amount of shares that a
corporation is authorized to sell.
 Number of authorized shares is often reported in
the equity section.

11-7 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 Share Issue Considerations

Issuance of Shares
 Corporation can issue ordinary shares directly to investors
or indirectly through an investment banking firm.
 Factors in setting price for a new issue of shares:
1. Company’s anticipated future earnings.
2. Expected dividend rate per share.
3. Current financial position.
4. Current state of the economy.
5. Current state of the securities market.

11-8 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 Share Issue Considerations

Market Price of Shares

 Shares of publicly held companies is traded on
organized exchanges.
 Interaction between buyers and sellers determines the
prices per share.
 Prices tend to follow the trend of a company’s
earnings and dividends.
 Factors beyond a company’s control may cause day-
to-day fluctuations in market prices.

11-9 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 Share Issue Considerations

Par and No-Par Value Shares

 Years ago, par value determined the legal capital
per share that a company must retain in the business
for the protection of corporate creditors.
 Today many governments do not require a par value.
 No-par value shares are fairly common today.
 In many countries the board of directors assigns a
stated value to no-par shares.

11-10 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 Corporate Capital

Illustration 11-5

11-11 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 Corporate Capital

Comparison of the equity accounts for a proprietorship,

and a corporation.
Illustration 11-6

11-12 LO 1 Identify the major characteristics of a corporation.

 LECTURE 11
EQUITY
PART 1/2

11-13
 Accounting for Share Transactions

Issuing Par Value Ordinary Shares for Cash

Illustration: Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 1,000 shares of €1 par
value ordinary shares. Prepare Hydro-Slide’s journal entry if (a)
1,000 shares are issued for €1 per share, and (b) 1,000 shares
are issued for €5 per share.

a) Cash 1,000
Share capital—ordinary (1,000 x €1) 1,000

b) Cash 5,000
Share capital—ordinary (1,000 x €1) 1,000
Share premium—ordinary 4,000

11-14 LO 2 Record the issuance of ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Share Transactions

Illustration 11-7

11-15 LO 2 Record the issuance of ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Share Transactions

Issuing No-Par Ordinary Shares for Cash

Illustration: Assume that Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 5,000 shares

of €5 stated value no-par shares for €8 per share. The entry is:

Cash 40,000
Share capital - ordinary (5,000 x €5) 25,000
Share premium - ordinary 15,000

Prepare the entry assuming there is no stated value.

Cash 40,000
Share capital - ordinary 40,000

11-16 LO 2 Record the issuance of ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Share Transactions

Issuing Ordinary Shares for Services or

Non-Cash Assets
Corporations also may issue shares for:
 Services (attorneys or consultants).
 Noncash assets (land, buildings, and equipment).

Cost is either the fair market value of the consideration

given up, or the fair market value of the consideration
received, whichever is more clearly determinable.

11-17 LO 2 Record the issuance of ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Share Transactions

Illustration: Assume that attorneys have helped Jordan

Company incorporate. They have billed the company €5,000 for
their services. They agree to accept 4,000 shares of €1 par value
shares in payment of their bill. At the time of the exchange,
there is no established market price for the shares. Prepare the
journal entry for this transaction.

Organizational expense 5,000

Share capital - ordinary (4,000 x €1) 4,000

Share premium - ordinary 1,000

11-18 LO 2 Record the issuance of ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Share Transactions

Illustration: Assume that Athletic Research Inc. is an existing

publicly held corporation. Its €5 par value shares are actively
traded at €8 per share. The company issues 10,000 shares to
acquire land recently advertised for sale at €90,000. Prepare the
journal entry for this transaction.

Land (10,000 x €8) 80,000

Share capital - ordinary (10,000 x €5) 50,000

Share premium - ordinary 30,000

11-19 LO 2 Record the issuance of ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Treasury Shares

Treasury stock - corporation’s own shares that it has

reacquired from shareholders, but not retired.

Corporations purchase their outstanding shares to:

1. Reissue the shares to officers and employees under bonus
and share compensation plans.
2. Enhance the share’s market value.
3. Have additional shares available for use in the acquisition of
other companies.
4. Increase earnings per share.
5. Eliminate hostile shareholders by buying them out.

11-20 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

 Accounting for Treasury Shares

Purchase of Treasury Shares

 Debit Treasury Shares for the price paid to reacquire
the shares (cost method).
 Treasury Shares is a contra equity account, not an
asset.
 Purchase of treasury shares reduces equity.

11-21 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

 Accounting for Treasury Shares
Illustration 11-8

Illustration: On February 1, 2014, Mead acquires 4,000 shares of

its stock at HK$80 per share.

Treasury shares (4,000 x HK$8) 320,000

Cash 320,000

11-22 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

 Accounting for Treasury Shares

Equity Section with Treasury Shares

Illustration 11-9

Both the number of shares issued (100,000), outstanding (96,000), and the
number of shares held as treasury (4,000) are disclosed.

11-23 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

11-24
 Accounting for Treasury Shares

Disposal of Treasury Shares

Sale of Treasury Shares
 Above Cost
 Below Cost

Both increase total assets and equity.

11-25 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

 Accounting for Treasury Shares Above
Cost

Illustration: On July 1, Mead sells for HK$100 per share 1,000

shares of its treasury shares, previously acquired at HK$80 per
share.

July 1 Cash 100,000

Treasury shares (1,000 x HK$80) 80,000

Share premium - treasury 20,000

A corporation does not realize a gain or suffer a loss from share

transactions with its own shareholders.

11-26 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

 Accounting for Treasury Shares Below
Cost

Illustration: On Oct. 1, Mead sells an additional 800 treasury

shares at HK$70 per share.

Oct. 1 Cash 56,000

Share premium - treasury 8,000
Treasury shares (800 x HK$80) 64,000

Illustration 11-10

11-27 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

 Accounting for Treasury Shares Below
Cost

Illustration: On Dec. 1, assume that Mead, Inc. sells its

remaining 2,200 shares at HK$7 per share.

Dec. 1 Cash 154,000 Limited

to
Share premium - treasury 12,000 balance
on hand
Retained earnings 10,000
Treasury shares 176,000

11-28 LO 3 Explain the accounting for treasury shares.

 Accounting for Preference Shares

Typically, preference shareholders have a priority as to

1. distributions of earnings (dividends) and

2. assets in the event of liquidation.

Accounting for preference shares at issuance is similar to that

for ordinary shares.

11-29 LO 4 Differentiate preference shares from ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Preference Shares

Illustration: Stine Corporation issues 10,000 shares of

€10 par value preference shares for €12 cash per share.
Journalize the issuance of the preference shares.

Cash 120,000
Share capital - preference (10,000 x €10) 100,000
Share premium – preference 20,000

Preference shares may have a par value or no-par value.

11-30 LO 4 Differentiate preference shares from ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Preference Shares

Dividend Preferences
 Right to receive dividends before ordinary shareholders.

 Cumulative Dividend – preference shareholders must

be paid both current-year dividends and any unpaid
prior-year dividends before ordinary shareholders
receive dividends.

 No obligation exists until board of directors declares a

dividend.

 Liquidation preference.

11-31 LO 4 Differentiate preference shares from ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Preference Shares

Cumulative Dividend
Illustration: Scientific Leasing has 5,000 shares of 7%, €100
par value, cumulative preference shares outstanding. Each
€100 share pays a €7 dividend (.07 x €100). The annual
dividend is €35,000 (5,000 x €7 per share). If dividends are two
years in arrears, preference shareholders are entitled to
receive the following dividends in the current year.
Illustration 11-11

35,000 X 2 = 70,000
35,000
105,000

11-32 LO 4 Differentiate preference shares from ordinary shares.

 Accounting for Preference Shares

Liquidation Preferences
 Most preference shares have a preference on
corporate assets if the corporation fails.

 Provides security for the preference shareholder.

 Preference to assets may be for the par value of

the shares or for a specified liquidating value.

11-33 LO 4 Differentiate preference shares from ordinary shares.

 Dividends

Distribution of cash or shares to shareholders on a pro

rata (proportional) basis.

Types of Dividends:

1. Cash 3. Shares

2. Property 4. Scrip

Dividends expressed: (1) as a percentage of the par or

stated value, or (2) as a dollar amount per share.

11-34 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Three dates: Illustration 11-12

11-35 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Cash Dividends
For a corporation to pay a cash dividend, it must have:

1. Retained earnings - Payment of cash dividends from

retained earnings is legal in all jurisdictions.

2. Adequate cash.

3. A declaration of dividends by the Board of

Directors.

11-36 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Cash Dividends
Illustration: On Dec. 1, the directors of Media General
declare a €.50 per share cash dividend on 100,000 shares of
€10 par value ordinary shares. The dividend is payable on Jan.
20 to shareholders of record on Dec. 22.
December 1 (Declaration Date)
Cash dividends 50,000
Dividends payable 50,000

December 22 (Date of Record) No entry

January 20 (Payment Date)

Dividends payable 50,000
Cash 50,000
11-37 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Allocating Cash Dividends Between Preference

and Ordinary Shares

Holders of cumulative preference shares must be paid

any unpaid prior-year dividends before ordinary
shareholders receive dividends.

11-38 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Illustration: On December 31, 2014, IBR Inc. has 1,000

shares of 8%, €100 par value cumulative preference shares. It
also has 50,000 shares of €10 par value ordinary shares
outstanding. At December 31, 2014, the directors declare a
€6,000 cash dividend. Prepare the entry to record the
declaration of the dividend.
Cash dividends 6,000
Dividends payable 6,000

Preference Dividends: 1,000 shares x €100 par x 8% = €8,000

11-39 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Illustration: At December 31, 2015, IBR declares a

€50,000 cash dividend. Show the allocation of dividends to
each class of stock.
Illustration 11-13

11-40 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Illustration: At December 31, 2015, IBR declares a

€50,000 cash dividend.
Prepare the entry to record the declaration of the
dividend.

Cash dividends 50,000

Dividends payable 50,000

11-41 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Share Dividends Illustration 11-14

Pro rata distribution of the corporation’s own shares.

Results in decrease in retained earnings and increase share capital and share premium.

11-42 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Share Dividends
Reasons why corporations issue share dividends:

1. Satisfy shareholders’ dividend expectations without

spending cash.

2. Increase marketability of the corporation’s shares.

3. Emphasize a portion of equity has been permanently

reinvested in the business.

11-43 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Share Dividends
 Small share dividend (less than 20–25% of the
corporation’s issued shares, recorded at fair market
value)*

 Large share dividend (greater than 20–25% of

issued shares, recorded at par value)

* Accounting based on the assumption that a small share dividend will

have little effect on the market price of the outstanding shares.

11-44 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Illustration: Medland Corporation has a balance of €300,000 in

retained earnings. It declares a 10% share dividend on its 50,000
shares of €10 par value ordinary shares. The current fair market
value of its shares is €15 per share.
10% share dividend is declared
Share dividends (50,000 x 10% x €15) 75,000
Ordinary share dividends distributable (5,000 x €10) 50,000
Share premium-ordinary 25,000

Shares issued
Ordinary share dividends distributable 50,000
Share capital-ordinary (50,000 x 10% x €10) 50,000

11-45 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Illustration 11-15
Statement Presentation Statement presentation
of ordinary shares
dividends distributable

11-46 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Effects of Share Dividends

Illustration 11-16

11-47 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Question
Which of the following statements about small share dividends is
true?
a. A debit to Share Dividends for the par value of the shares
issued should be made.
b. A small share dividend decreases total equity.
c. Market value per share should be assigned to the dividend
shares.
d. A small share dividend ordinarily will have no effect on
book value per share.

11-48 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Share Split
 Reduces the market value of shares.

 No entry recorded for a share split.

 Decrease par value and increase number of shares.

11-49 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Dividends

Illustration: Assume Medland Corporation splits its 50,000

ordinary shares on a 2-for-1 basis.
Illustration 11-17

Results in a reduction of the par or stated value per share.

11-50 LO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and share dividends.
 Retained Earnings

 Net income increases Retained Earnings and a net

loss decreases Retained Earnings.

 Part of the shareholders’ claim on the total assets of

the corporation.

 Debit balance in Retained Earnings is identified as a

deficit.

Illustration 11-20

11-51 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

 Retained Earnings

Retained Earnings Restrictions

Restrictions can result from:
1. Legal restrictions.

2. Contractual restrictions.

3. Voluntary restrictions.

Companies generally disclose retained earnings

restrictions in the notes to the financial statements.

11-52 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

 Retained Earnings

Prior Period Adjustments

 Correction of an error in previously issued financial
statements.
 Result from:
► mathematical mistakes.
► mistakes in application of accounting principles.
► oversight or misuse of facts.

 Adjustment made to the beginning balance of retained

earnings.

11-53 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

 Retained Earnings Statement

Woods, Inc.
Retained Earnings Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014

Balance, January 1 € 1,050,000

Net income 360,000
Dividends -300,000
Balance, December 31 € 1,110,000

Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2014, you discover a
€50,000 error (net of tax) that caused the 2013 inventory to be overstated
(overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in
2013. Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Retained
Earnings Statement for 2014?

11-54 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

 Retained Earnings Statement

Woods, Inc.
Retained Earnings Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014

Balance, January 1, as previously reported € 1,050,000

Prior period adjustment - error correction -50,000
Balance, January 1, as restated 1,000,000
Net income 360,000
Dividends -300,000
Balance, December 31 € 1,060,000

11-55 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

 Retained Earnings Statement

Debits and Credits to Retained Earnings

Illustration 11-24

11-56 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

 Retained Earnings Statement

Question
All but one of the following is reported in a retained
earnings statement. The exception is:

a. cash and share dividends.

b. net income and net loss.

c. some disposals of treasury shares below cost.

d. sales of treasury shares above cost.

11-57 LO 6 Identify the items reported in a retained earnings statement.

 Statement Presentation

Presentation Illustration 11-26

11-58 LO 7
 PRACTICE EXERCISES - Question 1

Maci Plc had the following transactions during the current

periods.
Mar 2 Issued 5,000 shares of $5 par value ordinary shares to
attorneys in payment of a bill for $35,000 for service
performed in helping the company to incorporate.
June 12 Issued 60,000 shares of $5 par value ordinary shares
for cash of $370,000.
July 11 Issued 1,000 shares of $100 par value preference
shares for cash at $112 per share.
Nov 28 Purchased 2,000 shares of treasury shares for
$70,000.
Instruction
Journalize the transactions.
11-59
 PRACTICE EXERCISES - Question 2
On January 1, Chong Ltd had 95,000 shares of no-par ordinary shares
issued and outstanding. The shares have a stated value of $60 per
share. During the year, the following occurred.

Apr 1 Issued 25,000 additional ordinary shares for $170 per share.
June 15 Declared a cash dividend of $10 per share to shareholders of
record on June 30.

July 10 Paid the $10 cash dividend.

Dec 1 Issued 2,000 additional ordinary shares for $190 per share.
15 Declared a cash dividend on outstanding shares of $12 per
share to shareholders of record on December 31.

Instruction
a)Prepare the entries on each of the three dividends dates.
b)How are dividends and dividends payable reported in the financial
statements prepared at December 31?
11-60
 PRACTICE EXERCISES - Question 3

On January 1, 2019, Rabb Ltd had retained earnings of

$550,000. during the year, Rabb had the following selected
transactions.
1. Declared cash dividends $120,000.
2. Corrected overstatement of 2018 net income because of
depreciation error $30,000.
3. Earned net income $320,000.
4. Declared share dividends $60,000.

Instructions
Prepare a retained earnings statement for the year ended
December 31, 2019.

11-61
 THE END

11-62