CHAPTER 2

INTERNAL
FORCE
 Contents

1 Internal force in section

2 Internal force diagrams

I. Internal force in section

1.1. Method of sections

π q
P3 Pn
P2

P1 Pi
P3
P2

Internal force in section π:

P1

P2
P3 R
z
R – internal resultant force x
M
y
M – internal resultant moment P1
I. Internal force in section

The components of R and M acting both normal and perpendicular

to the sectioned area:

P Nz – normal force
P
3
2
Mz Qx, Qy – shear force
M
x
z
Nz Mx, My – bending moment
x Q M
x
y Mz – torsional moment
Qy
y
P
1
I. Internal force in section

Coplanar Loadings
P P
2
a
3

Nz – normal force

Qy – shear force
a P
P
1
3 Mx– bending moment
P
2
Mx

Nz

P Qy
1
I. Internal force in section

1.2. Sign convention

- Normal force Nz
Nz  0 Nz  0

Nz  0 Nz  0

- Shear force Q

Q0 Q
0

Q0 Q
I. Internal force in section

1.2. Sign convention

- Bending moment Mx
Mx  0 Mx  0

- Torsional momentMz

Mz  Mz 
0 0
I. Internal force in section

1.3. Determine internal force

The equations of equilibrium

P
P
1
 N z   Z Pi   2
Mz
Qy   Y Pi   M
0 z
Qx   X Pi 
0 x

   x Q M
Nz
 M x   0mx (Pi )  0 x y

M   m (P ) 
 y y i
Qy
y
 M z   mz(Pi ) 
0 P
0 1
I. Internal force in section
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section
z
P P
P P

q q
z q z

Nz
Nz

The equations of equilibrium

Z  N z  qz  P  0
 N z  qz  P
I. Internal force in section
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section
z

Mz M
M

z
M M M
z

z z

The equations of equilibrium

m z Mz  M 
 0M  z
I. Internal force in section
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section
z


P

z P
z

y x
z P O1 M
z1
Qxy
y
The equations of
equilibrium
Y  Q  P  0  Qy 

y
mo  M x  Pz1  0  M x 
P 1
I. Internal force in section
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section
z

P z1
P
z z x

y x
P My
z1 z
x O Qx
1
The equations of
equilibrium
 X Q  P  0  Qx 

x
mo  M y  Pz1  0  M y 
P 1
I. Internal force in section

Example. Determine internal force acting in the section z1

P q

z1

P q
z M
x
y QO
y 1

The equations of equilibrium

Y  Q  P  qz1  0  Qy  P 
y

qz1m  M x  Pz1  qz1. z1  0  M x  Pz1  q z12

 o 1
2 2
I. Internal force in section
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section A-
A
P

z
A A Nz M y
x

P P

The equations of equilibrium

Z  N z  P  0  Nz 

 mC  M y  P.0, 65  0 
P  P.0,
I. Internal force in section
Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section H

H
I. Internal force in section
Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section 1-1
I. Internal force in section
Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section a-a, b-b
I. Internal force in section

Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section A-B

I. Internal force in section

Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section a-a, b-b

b
a a

b
I. Internal force in section

Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section a

P  6kN

M  2kN.m
1, 2m

1,
2m
I. Internal force in section

Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section A

I. Internal force in section

Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section a-a

I. Internal force in section
Problem. Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at point
C.
I. Internal force in section
Problem. Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at point
A, B and C.
I. Internal force in section
Problem. Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at point
C and D.
I. Internal force in section
Problem. If the engine weighs 800lb, determine the internal
normal
force, shear force, and moment at points F and H in the floor crane.
I. Internal force in section
Problem. The hook supports the 4-kN load. Determine the internal
normal force, shear force, and moment at point A.
II. Internal force diagrams

2.1. Internal force functions

[Link] Support Reactions

[Link] the beam at each distance x and draw the free-body
diagram of one of the segments. Be sure Q and M are shown acting in
their positive sense.
c. From equilibrium considerations, determine Q and M

d. Draw Q and M diagram

II. Internal force diagrams

Example: Draw internal force diagrams.

P P M

A P Nz
z
z q Mz M

l 1
1 q
Mz 
Nz
M M
B z z

P+ql z M

 N z  qz  P
II. Internal force diagrams

Example: Draw internal force diagrams for beam

z

P q P q
M
x
z
Qy
Qy
Qy  P 

 M x qz
z
Pz  q z 2
P  2
P  ql

Pl  ql 2 / 2

z
Mx
II. Internal force diagrams

2. Graphical method for constructing internal force diagrams

1. Normal force diagram (Nz)
N Btr ,z Nz
A 3 3
P 1 P 1
1 1 q
B dz
2B 2
2 4 4
3 q3 2 N d ,B N z  dNz
dz z

4 4

 dN z  q
C
N d,
N tr ,

B z B z
 dz
P  N B
 R BC

 N Cz z
q
II. Internal force diagrams

2.2.1 Normal force diagram (Nz)

Nd ,B
 N tr ,B  P
Step 1: z z

dN z

dz q

Step 2:
N C
NBR BC
Z z
q

P0
II. Internal force diagrams

Example: Draw normal force diagram for columns

P qa P qa
qa qaA
a A a
3P 2qa P 2qa
B B P 4qa

q q
3a
4a
C
qa
Nz
C
8qa Nz
II. Internal force diagram
Problem: Draw normal force diagram for columns
II. Internal force diagram
Problem: Draw normal force diagram for columns

P1 220kN P2  640kN

II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw normal force diagram for columns

P P P P  qa P
A
A qa qa A qa
a a A a P P
a A a 2P 2P
3P 2P 3P B
B
B B B P P
q a a
q C
2a 2a C
a 2P 4a q 4a q
C C D

C D
II. Internal force diagram

2.2.2. Torsional moment (Mz)

M ph,B  M tr ,B  M
Step 1: z z xo

dM
 x
z
m o
dz
Step 2:
M C
z  M zD  m
DC

M xo  0
II. Internal force diagram

Example: Draw torsional moment of a shaft

M
m 2
ma
A 3 B
C M B C
M A
M
2a a
2a a
M
M M
z M z
M
2M
3M
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw torsional moment of a shaft

3M

M
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw torsional moment of a shaft

2M / 3

M /3
M /3

2T
2T

2T

T
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw torsional moment of a shaft

M 2M 2 4m 2m
m
M M a a
B C D C D
A A B
a a a a 2a a

2m m 4m
m 2m
a a a
B C
a B C
A A

2a a 2a a
 II. Internal force diagram

2.2.3. Shear force and bending moment diagrams

* Relations between distributed load, shear, and moment
3 q 4 P

B 1 C 2 D
A
2
3 dz 1 M0
2a a
4
3a
M trx 1
ph Mx 3 4
Mx 
2 M x x
dM
1 2
tr M 0 Q ph 3 4
Q y y Qy dz Qy  dQy
 Qytr  P  dQy  q  dM x  Qy
Q ph
 y
 dz  dz
ph
 M x  M x 
tr
0
Q yC  Qy
D
 Rq
DC
 M xC  M x 
D DC
Qy
M
 2 Nội Lực Trên Mặt Cắt Ngang

* Biểu đồ nội lực

 2 Nội Lực Trên Mặt Cắt Ngang

* Biểu đồ nội lực

 2 Nội Lực Trên Mặt Cắt Ngang

* Biểu đồ nội lực

II. Internal force diagram

a. Shear force diagram (Qy)

Step 1: Q ph
 Q tr
P
y y

dQy Qy  0
q
dz
Step 2:
 Q D  R DC
Q Cy y
q
a. Bending moment diagram (Mx)

Step 1: M ph
x  M xtr  0
M Mx 
dM 0
 y
x
Q
Step 2: dz
M C
x  M xD  Qy
DC

S
II. Internal force diagram

Example: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
P q M  qa2
A
C C
B A B

a
YA  2P / 3
2a 3a a M  qa 2
YC  P /3
P A
A C
B
B C 7qa / 11qa /
YA YC 6
6
7qa/6
Q
2P/3 y
11qa/
Qy 6
P/3 qa 2

M M
x
x
2Pa/3 49qa2 / 72
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

1, 5kN /
m

0, 0, 0,
6m 4m 4m
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

4kN / m

5m 3m
1 1
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.

P M  Pa P
A A
B C B C

2a a
2a a

M  2Pa
P 2P P
A A 2P
B C D B C D

a a a a a a
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
M  qa2
q
A q P  qa A
C B C
B

2a a
3a a
P  qa P  2qa
A q q
B C C
A B

2a a 2a a
M  qa2
q P  2qa q P
A A
qa
B C D D
B C
2a a a a a
2a
II. Internal force diagram

Problem: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam.
M  qa2 M  qa2
q P  2qa q P  qa
A A
D D
B C B C

2a a a 4a 2a 2a

M  qa2
q P P M  2qa2
A qa q
A
D 2qa D
B C B C
3a a 3a a a
a
P  qa q M  qa P  3qa M  2qa2
q
2

A
A
B C D
B C D
a 3a 2a a 3a 2a