HEAT
Objectives
On the completion of this lesson, the students should be able to :
Define Heat and temperature
Distinguish between Heat and temperature
Explain specific heat capacity and derive the heat equation
Solve the simple numerical problems related to the Heat equation .
Definition of Heat
Heat is the total sum of kinetic energy of the molecules contained in a body .
Heat flows from hot body to cold body when they are placed in a thermal contact .
The SI unit of heat is Joule(J). In c.g.s system it is measured in calorie.
1calorie= 4.2joules 1 cal=4.2 J
Factors Affecting Heat
The are are two factors on which heat energy of a body depends :
1. No. of molecules present in the body ( i.e. mass of the body )
2. Average K.E. of the molecules ( i.e. temperature of the body)
Amount of Heat ∝ Mass of the body
Amount of heat ∝ Temperature of the body
1Calorie
The amount of heat required to change ( increase or decrease) the temperature of 1 gram pure
water by 1 degree (or kelvin) is known as 1 calorie .
Effects of heat are:
a. It changes the state of matter
b. It changes the temperature of an object.
c. It changes the solubility of a substance.
d. It causes expansion (changes the size/volume) in an object.
e. It changes the color of the body.
f. It causes chemical change in the body
Temperaure
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. Temperature is the thermal
condition of the body that determines rate of flow of heat from one body to another. It is the
measure of average kinetic energy of the molecule in the body.
The S.I. unit of temperature is Kelvin ( K) . The other units are degree Celsius (⸰C ) and Degree
Fahrenheit (⸰F). Temperature is measured by the thermometer .
Contd.
Temperature scale
Centigrade scale:
Lower fixed point: 00C ( M.P. of ice)
Upper fixed point: 1000C ( B.P. of water )
Fahrenheit scale:
Lower fixed point: 320F
Upper fixed point: 2120F
Kelvin scale:
Lower fixed point: 273K
Upper fixed point: 373K
Relation between different temperature scales
(C − 0)/100 = ( F − 32)/180 = ( K − 273)/100
Specific Heat Capacity
The specific heat capacity of a body is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of unit mass of that body by 10 C or 1k. The SI unit is J kg-1 0 C -1 and cgs unit
is cal g-1 0 C -1 .
Water has very high specific heat capacity and it takes
long period or time to be heated and long time
to be cooled. Also it can absorb large quantity of heat
without significant change in temperature. Because of
this property of water it has more advantages.
What do you mean by sp.heat cap. of water is 4200 JKg-1⸰C-1 ?
It means that 4200 J heat is required to change the temperature of 1 kg of water by
1⸰C .
Or , The amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 kg water by 1⸰C is
4200J.
Advantages of High sp.heat capacity of Water
1.Water is used in hot water bags .
2. water is used to cool hot engines .
3. A piece of wet cloth is kept on the forehead of a person suffering from high fever .
4. Sea breeze occurs at day and land breeze occurs at night .( it helps to balance the
temperature in coastal region and there is no big difference in temp in day and night).
Fig . Of sea breeze and land Breeze .
Days are hotter in desert and nights are colder
!!!
Heat equation
Generally,When a body is heated ,its temperature increases and when a body is cooled,its
temperature falls . Suppose a body of mass(m) is heated from initial temperature(t1) to final
temp. (t2) .
It has been found that ,
Heat lost or gained by a body (Q) ∝ mass of the body (m)
Heat lost or gained by a body (Q) ∝ change in temperature of the body (dt)
i.e. Q∝m ------------ (i)
Q ∝ dt -------------(ii)
Combining (i) and (ii) ,we get
Q ∝ m.dt
or, Q = S.m.dt where , S is a proportionality constant ,known as specific heat
capacity of the body .
⸫ Heat lost (or gained ) = sp.heat capacity × mass of the body × change in temp. of the body
.Where ,
m = Mass of the body
t1 = Initial temperature of the body
t2 = Final temperature of the body
dt = (t2 - t1 ) Change in temperature of the body
Q = Amount of heat supplied/gained/lost
S = Specific heat capacity of the body .
“Heat lost or gained by a body is equal to the product of its mass , change
in temperature and the specific heat capacity ”
This relation is known as the HEAT EQUATION
Numericals
1. how much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 5 kg water from 30 0 C to 100
0 C ? ( Sp.heat cap. Of water is 4200 J/kg 0 C )
Soln : Given ,
Mass of water ( m) = 5 kg
Sp heat cap (S) = 4200 J/kg 0 C
Initial temp (t1 ) = 30 0 C
Final temp (t2 ) = 100 0 C
Change in temp ( dt) =( t2 – t1 )= 70 0 C
Heat required (Q) = ?
We know , Q =S.m.dt
Or , Q = 4200 * 5 * 70
Q = 1470000 J
Q = 1.47 * 106 J answer
2.
Calculate the specific heat capacity of water if 2 kg water at 25 0 C requires 210 KJ heat
energy to increase its temperature to 50 0 C .
Soln : Given ,
Mass of water ( m) = 2 kg
Sp heat cap (S) = ?
Initial temp (t1 ) = 25 0 C
Final temp (t2 ) = 50 0 C
Change in temp ( dt) =( t2 – t1 )= 25 0 C
Heat required (Q) = 210kJ =210*1000 J= 210000J
We know , Q =S.m.dt
⸫S = Q/m.dt
Or , S = 210000/(2*25)
or, S = 4200 J/kg 0 C ans.
