ENERGY ENGINEERING
(Ch.E-308)
B.Sc. Chemical Engineering
Session 2018
Delivered by:
Mr. Rizwan Ali
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
Course information
Course Title Energy Engineering
Course Number Ch.E-308
Semester 6th
Instructor (Theory) Mr. Rizwan Ali
Email
[email protected] Credit Hours 3
Contact Hours 3
Compulsory/Elective Compulsory
Grading Breakup
SESSIONAL 30% (10% quiz, 10% class
activities, 10% presentations
and class activities)
MIDTERM 30 %
END TERM 40 %
Examination Detail
Mid Term Minimum Duration: 60 Minutes
End Term Minimum Duration: 90 Minutes
Final exam will include 20-30 % course from pre-
midterm lectures.
Textbooks and Other Sources
• Herker J.H. and Backurst J.R., “Fuel and Energy”, 1981. Academic Press
inc.
• Brame, J.S.S. and King, J.G., “Fuel: solid, liquid and gaseous”, 1967. 6th
edition, Edward Arnold (publishers) ltd. London.
• Gupta, O.P., “Elements of Fuel, Furnaces and Refractories” 2000. 4th
edition, Khanna publishers.
• Palaniappan,C., Kolar, A.K. and Haridasan, T.M., “ Renewable Energy
Technologies” 2000. Narosa Publishing House.
Course Outline
(1) Introduction to energy, types of energy, and sources of energy (2)
Introduction to fuels in solid, liquid, and gaseous state (3) Renewable
and non-renewable energy resources (4) Introduction to hydropower,
solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, nuclear
energy, and fossil fuels (5) Extraction, advantages, and limitations of
each energy resource (6) Availability of these energy resources in
Pakistan (7) Environmental impacts of energy resources (8) Fuel
processing: (a) Carbonization (b) Combustion (c) Gasification (d) Fuel
upgradation (9) Energy from biomass
Learning
CLOs PLOs Domain Level
Domain
1 - Explain the Types, sources, states,
Engineering
resources and availability of Energy and Knowledge Cognitive 2. Understand
Fuels and fuel processing techniques
2 - Outline pros and cons of the different
fuels and energy sources Problem Analysis Cognitive 4. Analyze
3 - Illustrate and implement different fuel Engineering Cognitive 3. Apply
processing techniques Knowledge
Introduction to Energy
What is energy?
Energy is often defined as the capacity/ability to do useful work.
Several different forms of energy, such as kinetic, potential, thermal,
electrical, chemical, and nuclear have been defined to explain all
known natural phenomena.
Energy is converted from one form to another, but it is never created
or destroyed. This principle is called the conservation of energy.
SI unit of energy ~ Joule ~ [J]
1J=1Nm
Joules/seconds = Watts
Four Important forms of energy
• Chemical Energy
• Thermal Energy
• Mechanical Energy
• Electrical Energy
Why they are important?
• They are derived from different fuels and converted to each other.
• Primary need
Fuels
• Fuels are all combustible substances which may be burned in
atmospheric air so that heat evolved is capable of being economically
applied to domestic and industrial uses for heating and production of
power.
• Fuels are materials which possess chemical energy and release their
energy by combustion reaction. Food is fuel as chemical energy in the
form of Food is converted within body into thermal & kinetic energy.
Non-Nuclear & Nuclear Fuels
• Non-Nuclear Fuels release energy usually thermal by means of
chemical reaction involving a rearrangement of outer electrons of
atom.
• In Nuclear Fuels Energy is directly released from the atomic nucleus.
Proton and neutron are packed together in nucleus by forces many
thousands greater than ordinary chemical forces and when nucleus
breaks it releases greater energy .
Primary & Secondary Fuels
• Primary Fuels are those which are derived from earth's crust and only
physical operations are involved in their manufacture e.g. coal, gas,
diesel
• Secondary fuels are those which involves chemical reaction at some
stage of manufacture e.g. producer gas, water gas.
One joule in everyday life is approximately:
- the energy required to lift a small apple one meter straight up
- the energy released when that same apple falls one meter to the ground
- the amount of energy, as heat,
that a quiet person generates every hundredth of a second
- the energy required to heat one gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius
- one thousandth of the energy a person can receive
by drinking a 1mm diameter drop of juice
(Note: 1 food Calorie = 4184 Joules. 1 food Calorie is the amount of energy required
to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius)
- the kinetic energy of an adult human
moving a distance of about a handspan every second.
How many calories do you need to eat per day?
THE SUN
The original source of most
energy resources.
Plants store the sun’s energy
through photosynthesis.
Animals then eat the plants.
Natural gas
Oil
The Sun
Coal
The original source
of most energy
resources.
biomass food
waves Wind
Total Solar Energy = 3.5x1015 TW
Fall on earth = 1.8x105 TW
Direct reflection =62,000 TW (30%)
Solar
Energy Direct conversion to heat =76,000 TW (45%)
Evaporation = 40,000TW
Wind, Waves = 370 TW
Energy Sources, Resources and Demand
Energy conversion
Calculating the efficiency of energy
conversion system
The total efficiency is the product of all conversion efficiencies:
Etotal= E1x E2x E3x E4 x E5 x E6x …
What is energy engineering?
Energy engineering is a broad field of engineering
dealing with energy efficiency, energy services, facility
management, environmental compliance and alternative
energy technologies.
Different Resources Of Energy
1. Fossil fuels
2. Biomass Energy
3. Nuclear Source
4. Solar Energy Sources
5. Wind Energy Sources
6. Geothermal Energy
Fossil fuels are
exhaustible sources of
Exhaustible energy
&
Inexhaustibl Inexhaustible sources of
e Sources energy are solar energy,
water power, wind
power and tidal power.
Renewable Energy Resources
These resources can be used again and again
Solar
Wind
Hydropower
Biomass
Tidal and wave Energy
Wing Energy
Geothermal
Waste to Energy
Non-Renewable Energy Resources
Once used these resources cannot be used again.
Fossil Fuels.
Conventional and Unconventional
Conventional Sources of Energy
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas
• Coal
Unconventional Sources of Energy
• Nuclear
• Oil Shale
• Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment
Fossil Fuels
• These fuels are formed as a
result of slow decomposition
and chemical conversion of
organic material inside the
earth under high pressure
and temperature
These fuel includes:
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
Fossil Fuels
Biomass Fuel
These fuels are obtained by treatment of agricultural, animal
or food wastes in the presence of specific microorganisms.
Agricultural waste
• Rice husk from rice mills
• Baggasse from sugar mills
• Residue from palm oil extraction plants
• Wood residue from pulp and paper
industry
• Wood residue from sawmills.
Wind Energy Sources
• Wind Energy is defined as the “power generated by harnessing the
wind, usually by windmills.”
Geothermal Energy
• The centre of the Earth is around 6000 °C hot enough to
melt rock. Even a few kilometers down, the temperature
can be over 250 degrees Celsius.
• In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very close to the
surface.
• The name "geothermal" comes from two Greek words:
"geo" means "Earth" and "thermal" means "heat".
Tidal Energy
Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that exploits the
movement of water caused by tidal currents or the rise and
fall in sea levels due to the tides. Although not yet widely
used, tidal power has potential for future electricity
generation and is more predictable than wind energy and
solar power. In Europe, tide mills have been used for over
a thousand years, mainly for grinding grains.
Underground energy sources
World Energy Supply
Coal reserves
in Pakistan
World Energy Supply
OPEC : Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
World Energy
Supply
Oil Reserves in
Pakistan
World Energy Supply
Natural Gas
Reserves in
Pakistan
https://www.worldometers.info/gas/pakistan-natural-gas.
World Total Energy Consumption 1990 -2020
(Quadrillion Btu)
Region/Country 1990 1997 2020
United States 84.0 94.2 120.9
Western Europe 59.9 64.0 78.4
Japan 18.1 21.3 25.4
China 27.0 36.7 97.3
Former Soviet Union 61.0 40.8 57.3
Total World 346.7 379.9 607.7
World Energy Consumption
Global energy usage
Pakistan’s
Energy Mix
Civil Society Prospective
• For domestic use
People need • For infrastructure
requirements
energy • For entrepreneurial needs
People need • That is affordable
• That is supplied un-interrupted
energy
• That does not pollute environment
People need during production and transmission
• Use of which does not result in
energy environmental degradation
