The
Cardiovascular
System
DR. HAJRA AMEER SHAIKH (PT)
Lecturer (DPTRS, IU)
MPhil in MSK (ZU)
DPT (JPMC)
The Cardiovascular System
A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts
of the body
The Heart
Location
Thorax between
the lungs
Pointed apex
directed toward
left hip
About the size of
your fist
Functions of the heart
Pumping oxygenated blood to the other body
parts.
Pumping hormones and other vital substances to
different parts of the body.
Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying
metabolic waste products from the body and
pumping it to the lungs for oxygenation.
Maintaining blood pressure
The Heart: Coverings
Pericardium – a double serous membrane
Visceral pericardium - Next to heart
Parietal pericardium - Outside layer
Serous fluid fills the space between the layers
of pericardium
The Heart Wall: 3 layers
Epicardium/ Pericardium
Outside layer
This layer is the parietal pericardium
Connective tissue layer
Myocardium
Middle layer
Mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium
Inner layer
Endothelium
External Heart Anatomy
The Heart: Chambers
Right and left side act as
separate pumps
Four chambers
Atria
Receiving chambers
Right atrium
Left atrium
Ventricles
Discharging chambers
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Figure 11.2c
Anatomy-Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood
Circulation
Figure 11.3
Anatomy-Cardiovascular System
Blood Flow
The Heart: Valves
Allow blood to flow in only one direction
Four valves
Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles
Bicuspid valve (left)
Tricuspid valve (right)
Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
The Heart:
Associated Great Vessels
Aorta - leaves left ventricle
Pulmonary arteries - leave right ventricle
Vena cava - enters right atrium
Pulmonary veins - enter left atrium
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System
Taking blood to the tissues and back
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Figure 11.8a
Blood Vessels: Anatomy
Three layers (tunics)
Tunic intima:
Endothelium
Tunic media
Smooth muscle
Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Tunic externa
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types
Walls of arteries are the thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer
thick to allow for exchanges between blood
and tissue
Anatomy-Cardiovascular System
Arteries
Arteries
Muscular, thick,
elastic blood vessels
Carry oxygenated
blood away from the
heart to body cells,
tissue & organs
Except for
artery
pulmonary artery
Anatomy-Cardiovascular System
Arterioles
Arterioles
Small terminal
arteriole
branches of
arteries
Connect arteries to
capillaries
artery
Anatomy-Cardiovascular System
Capillaries
Capillaries
Very small blood
arteriole
vessels
Connect arterioles
to venules
artery
capillary
Anatomy-Cardiovascular System
Venules
Venules
Small veins
arteriole venule
Connect
capillaries to
larger veins
artery
capillary
